Promote Positve Behaviour Free Essays

1. Identify types of challenging behaviour. There are many types of behaviour that can be described as challenging. We will write a custom essay sample on Promote Positve Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Examples of these include: self-injury (eg head banging, self-biting, skin picking)  physical aggression or violent behaviour (eg punching, scratching, kicking, biting, pulling hair) verbal aggression (eg threats, insults, excessive swearing)  disruption and destruction of property or the environment (eg ripping clothes, breaking windows or furniture) racist or sexist behaviour. Stereotyped behaviours (eg rocking, spinning, hand flapping) inappropriate or unacceptable sexual behaviour (eg masturbating in public, touching others inappropriately or showing pornography) smearing and urination (eg smearing faeces, urinating in inappropriate places) stealing (eg taking possessions/food that do not belong to the individual) manipulative, deceitful and non-compliant behaviour (eg refusing to move, refusing to engage in an activity despite being able, telling lies) absconding (eg leaving school/home/residential service without permission). 3. Explain the steps that are taken to maintain the dignity of and respect for an individual when responding to an incident of challenging behaviour. Children must always be treated with dignity and respect with. This may be difficult when their behaviour is threatening to their peers or members of staff, however it is essential to remember that it’s the behaviour that is adverse and not the YP. When challenging the behaviour it is important to disapprove of the negative behaviour, not the individual. Should the situation require reactive strategies, it is important to uphold best practise and continue to treat the YP in a child centred way, according to their placement plan, risk assessment and positive handling plan, paying attention to the YP faith, beliefs, culture while maintaining dignity. For example, when holding a YP, ensuring that the hold is not intrusive, especially to private parts of the body. Should the YP clothes ride up, for staff to inform the YP that they are about to adjust their clothing. It is important to maintain dignity and respect when recording the incident. Not  using a derogatory tone when referring to the YP, instead recording in a way that describes the negative behaviour displayed by the YP. How to cite Promote Positve Behaviour, Papers

Microbiomes Diseases by Taxonom

Question: 1: Name 2 barriers that prevent bacteria from entering and subsequently colonising the gut. 2: In what instance can S.Aureus become pathogenic 3: What bacterial species can typically form a biofilm on enamel? 4: Give one example each of a gut, skin and urogenital microbe 5: How does 16S RNA satisfy the criteria as a marker and name one database commonly used for analysing 16s sequence data. 6: Define an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) and what does the binning process allow. What type of analysis is used to determine which OTUs represent significant changes in population? 7: How does a Whole Metagenomics shotgun (WMS) analysis differ from a Metatranscriptomics analysis. 8: Give one example of a catalogue of reference pathways and describe the pathway inference process. 9: What is a gnotobiotic process and give an example of one bacterial phylum that is perturbed during obesity 10: Give an example of disease treated with a fecal microbiota transplantation. Answer: Microbiome Several barriers prevent bacteria from entering and subsequently colonizing the gut. Firstly, highly concentrated hydrochloric acid is secreted in the gastric cavity not only to activate digestive enzymes but also kills pathogens that are likely to colonize the gastrointestinal tract and cause infection. The high acidic condition in the stomach makes it impossible for most of the bacteria not to thrive hence it serves as a protective measure against infections. Secondly, the gut is composed of several microflorae from just after the birth of an individual. These commensal microorganisms contribute to the development of a mucosal immune system that responds and protects the gut from bacterial colonization. Disruption of this microflora may result in pseudomembranous colitis, inflammatory bowel disease and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (Baker, Nicklin Griffiths, 2011). Staphylococcus Aureus is naturally found in the skin, nose mucous membrane and the respiratory tract but causes no infection under normal circumstances. However, it may cause infection when there is reduced integrity of the skin and mucous membranes that allow it to gain access to the systemic circulation. It usually causes pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients such as those suffering from HIV/AIDS and therefore immunosuppression is another factor that is implicated in infection causation by Aureus (Baker, Nicklin Griffiths, 2011). Biofilm on the enamel is formed from a series of phases that result in the colonization and formation of highly adhesive The bacterial species that are mostly involved in this biofilm formation include Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis and Actenomyces viscosus among other gram positive and negative bacteria (Baker, Nicklin Griffiths, 2011). Different body parts are composed of microbes which cause no infection under normal health conditions of an individual. They are generally beneficial as they protect one from infection by other more harmful pathogens (Bauman, 2014). The bacteria found in the gut are Actinomyces viscosus, Bacteroides gingivalis, Clostridium defficile and Citrobacter freundii Those found on the skin are Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus viridans and Epidermophyton floccosum. In the urogenital, there exists Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus anginosus. The gene 16S of rRNA is preferred as a marker for the identification of bacteria because DNA analysis is more reliable than the classification of bacteria based on their phenotypic nature. Secondly, the 16S rRNA gene is present in almost all bacteria, and it is distinct from its homologous gene 18S in eukaryotic rRNA, and therefore it becomes very crucial in distinguishing a bacteria from eukaryotic DNA in the same sample. It is also 1.5 kb and therefore significantly shorter than several unique prokaryotic genes, hence can be sequenced faster and in a comparatively cheaper manner. The commonly used databases for analyzing and sequencing 16S data are EzTaxon-e and Ribosomal Database Project (Pevsner, 2015) Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) is a cluster of organisms that are being studied that share significantly diverse characteristics and DNA gene sequence of above 97%.The Binning process allows grouping of these cluster of organisms and assigning them to OUT by use of algorithms based on composition, alignment similarity or both. The phylogenic analysis is used to determine which OUTs represent significant changes in a population by noting the dissimilarities (Pevsner, 2015). Metagenomic shotgun (WMS) analysis differs from a Metatranscriptomics analysis in that WMS reveals functional and metabolic processes that are possible and present in a microbial community while Metatranscriptomics analysis is able to reveal which of these metabolic processes are active, their regulation and expression (Pevsner, 2015). An example of a catalog of reference pathways are metabolic and catalogue gene pathways. The gene pathway inference process involves chemical recognition of the chromosomal origin of replication, replicative supercoiling of replication origin, unwinding of the replication origin, replicative DNA helicase loading through the ring-breaking mechanism, replicative DNA helicase loading through ring making mechanism and DNA unwinding ahead of replication fork (Pevsner, 2015). The gnotobiotic process is the controlling and accounting for of all microorganism present within an organism. During obesity, there is typically reduced motility throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Thus the microbiota may be perturbed since they have significantly increased the time for multiplication and therefore cause intestinal bacteria overgrowth that can lead to several conditions that include irritable bowel syndrome. One of the bacterial phyla that are disturbed is Proteobacteria In which Campylobacter coli belong, a normal flora (microbiota) normally present throughout the gut (Bauman, 2014). Fecal microbiota transplantation is the process of collecting, treating and transferring of fecal matter mixed with fluid from a tested individual to another person with diminished beneficial normal flora for replacement. A common disease treated through this procedure is pseudo membranous colitis that is caused by clostridium difficile infection (Bauman, 2014). References Bauman, R. W. (2014),Microbiology with diseases by taxonomy, Harlow Pearson Baker, S., Nicklin, J., Griffiths, C. (2011),Microbiology, New York: Garland Science. Pevsner, J. (2015),Bioinformatics and functional genomics, Chichester : Wiley-Blackwel.

American Romanticism in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Essay Example

American Romanticism in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Essay Example American Romanticism in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Essay American Romanticism in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Essay Name: Tutor: Course: Date: American Romanticism in Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address Several aspects of American Romanticism are evident in Abraham Lincoln’s â€Å"Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg, November 19, 1863†. Much of the Romantic language used in this excerpt illustrated the nation’s state and the Civil War. An aspect of American Romanticism stems from the theme of the Civil War. In the beginning of the address, Lincoln commences by asserting that, â€Å"our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal†. This statement verifies an aspect of Idealistic Philosophy regarding the reason for immigration in America. Additionally, it also provides a philosophy for the reason regarding the Civil War. This illustrates the Romantic superlative of being discontent with the present circumstances. It also symbolizes a belief in positive change. Consequently, Lincoln surmises, â€Å"†¦we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow-this ground† because â€Å"the brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This statement illustrates the countless lives that soldiers lost for a laudable cause. It provides an indistinct scrutiny of the Civil War and propels the Union to believe that the cause is sacred. At the conclusion of the address, Lincoln progresses his argument further by asserting that the ones who sacrificed themselves â€Å"shall not have died in vain† and â€Å"this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom†. After three years of intense war, the citizens of the Union question the integrity and incentive of the war. Additionally, Lincoln also incorporates democratic values, which comprise American Romanticism. His statement, â€Å"-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth† depicts support for democracy and individual freedom.

Strategic Management of Organizations

Strategic Management of Organizations Organizational structure Structure generally means the framework on which an organization is built and functions that keep the organization going. Organizational structure is the operating guideline that informs the members or workers how the organization works.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management of Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Structure explains the way members are received, how leaders are chosen, and the process of decision-making. Organizational structure explains the way an organization puts workers and jobs for effective work performance and goal realization (Baligh, 2005). Channel of communication depends on the size of the organization; small organizations have short channels of communication because the top manager can reach the lowest ranked employee easily. On the other hand, large organizations have long channels of communication because they contain many departments an d functions. From these decisions, an organizational structure is established. Organizational structure may be centralized or decentralized. In centralized structure, the top management is vested with the most of decision-making and total control over the organization’s departments, subdivisions, and divisions. In decentralized organizational structure, power and authority over control and decisions making is evenly distributed and the independence between departments and divisions is different (Baligh, 2005). In an organization, regardless of its size, employees’ tasks and complexity is defined by what function it partakes, its supervisors, and managers. Organizations use organizational charts to simplify relationship between its departments and positions and their interdependence. The finest organizational structure designed by any organization relies on many factors such as its work, revenue, number of employees, geographic distribution of its amenities, and the col lection of its trading. Organizational structures have been in existence since the ancient past, they have evolved to date because of their needs and complexities in the current organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How Organizational Structure Implement Organizations Strategy Organizational strategy is the tactic, which an organization uses to meet its future goals, mission, vision, and targets. An organization must compare its present state to the projected future state then look at the difference and plan on how to cover the difference through changing its working tactics. There are several organizational structures, which include pre-bureaucratic structures, bureaucratic structures, post bureaucratic structures, functional structures, divisional structures, and matrix structures. Organization strategy includes sequence of authority, span of organizing, departmentalization, circulation of authority, and organization’s height. These elements are integrated within an organization to give out the desired outcome in type of the organization and the management required (Baligh, 2005). The Basic Building Blocks of Organizational Structure An organization needs to be built on several organizational blocks to ensure and strengthen its survival. These blocks help in making sure that the organization is focused in its target of meeting its future goals. These blocks include: Hierarchy Hierarchy or layers of organization is the primary most component of the organizational structure, individuals’ need to have people above them to obey, respect, consult, and structure the way of achieving a target. Organization’s layer means the length of the line of communication, that is the procedure followed before the information from service man reaches the department manager. Hierarchy flow of information is mostly exercised in the b ureaucratic organizations where the individual must report directly to his or her immediate supervisor. Hierarchy act as a major organizational block because it determines each employee’s authority and responsibility in the organization. Hierarchy makes organization to be organized because every employee is aware of his or her duties (Tannenbaum, 2006). Formalization Formalization is another major form of an organization building block. Through formalization, an organization decisions, orders, and standards are passed to all employees. Formalization is closely attached to both leadership and hierarchy. A number of organizations prefer tight bureaucratic system of administration because these systems establish strict orders and methods in the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Management of Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bureaucratic systems call for rigid communication cha nnels. On the other hand, some other organizations allow for non-bureaucratic procedures, which allow for collaborative decisions making, employees dissent, and alternative ideas from employees. These kinds of organizations allow for flexible decision-making and channels of communication (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). Divisions Division is a basic building block for organization structure. Divisions depend on the size of the organization; small organizations can survive on one division in charge of all the operations because their operations are not complicated. On the other hand, all organization divide their operations according to the departments available such as; information technology department, accounting department, procurement department, transport department, marketing department, human resource department among others are created according to the organizations need. Other organizations divide the organization according to the production need, these may include vacuum cl eaners division, packaging division, processing division among others. This makes it easy for each division to be able to identify its authorities and responsibilities with ease and controlling confusion in the lines of duty (Philips Gully, 2012). Temporary Constructs Temporary constructs are basic building blocks in that they are frequently used by organizations to resolve issues arising from the operations and employees. Most of organizations will assign or create groups for a specified period to handle a problem arising in the organization or take care of a new project, the group may be selected internally or externally. Most organization prefers dedicated troubleshooters since they are good in getting a solution and working on an issue. Organizations are opposed to this approach though it saves time in handling a certain project (Philips Gully, 2012). Advantages and Disadvantages of each of the Building Blocks of Organizational Structure Hierarchy is advantageous in that those who are in the top positions enjoy a lot of privileges. Those at the top are vested with complex decision-making consequently making it easy for an organization to handle its complexities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hierarchy is disadvantageous in that those at the lowest positions feel oppressed at some time because they enjoy no privileges, its procedural for decisions to get to the bottom level and there is limited interaction between the top management and the bottom workers so their problems are less heard. Formalization of an organization has the following advantages: it makes the goals of the organization to be clearly defined, it makes the business become legal entity, and it clarifies the organization’s objectives. The disadvantages include: formalization creates rigidity, long long-term planning is discouraged, and reduces creativity among employees. Organization division is advantageous in that it increases specialization and as a result, quality products and services are produced, division allows an organization form the culture of spirit de corps leading to higher production. Division disadvantages include politics between the divisions may arise, this may reduce production because of the competition between the divisions and divisions may undermine each other leading to inter division organization conflicts (Swayne, Duncan Ginter, 2008). References Baligh, H. H. (2005). Organization Structures: Theory and Design, Analysis and Prescription. New York: N.Y.: Springer. Philips, J., Gully, S. M. (2012). Organizational behavior : Tools for success. Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning. Swayne, L. E., Duncan, J. W., Ginter, P. M. (2008). Strategic Management of Health Care Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pulishers. Tannenbaum, A. S. (2006). Heirarchy in organizations: An international comparison. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

The Role of Orientalism in Western Conceptions of the Islamic Essay - 1

The Role of Orientalism in Western Conceptions of the Islamic Tradition - Essay Example In Orientalism, Edward Said writes that the West reckons the Islamic states to be static and undeveloped, which fabricates a view that Oriental culture can be studied, depicted and reproduced. This implies the idea that Western society is developed, rational, flexible, and superior. 1 Such view from the above does not give a complete picture of what the society has to offer. Some of the most famous ancient scientists, for example, Omar Khayyam, one of the supposed founders of algebra, belonged to the Oriental world; ancient Persia, unlike the tribes of the territory where modern Iraq is located, was the center of science, arts, and culture of its time. Islam as a very severe and, as it seems from the first look, cruel religion, creates its own image as a dictatorship of its norms and laws over a man and demands strict obeying, which is very difficult for the Western conscience of liberal world perception, and it leads to formulating of conceptions (and misconceptions as well) which a re not always true. It is necessary to define and investigate into such ones and to understand the role of Orientalism in their emergence. In Western Democracy and Islamic Tradition: The Application of Shari’a in a Modern World, Melanie Reed rises a matter of human rights in Islam. â€Å"While most scholars would agree that minimal human rights standards exist, the correct implementation of such standards is a topic of hot debate. In light of recent international conflicts, the relationship between religion and human rights, and in particular Islam and human rights, is a pressing topic.†2 Indeed, some Islamic countries, especially those with strong traditions of tribal society, Pakistan, Afghanistan, for instance, are an endless source of news about terrorist attacks, blood shooting, hostages taking and other possible violation of human rights. Islam, implying a solid faith in God, may result in society’s looking for the embodiment of such God – strong, wise, caring.

The Impact of Automakers Demands on the Steel Industry Assignment

The Impact of Automakers Demands on the Steel Industry - Assignment Example Ford’s River Rouge factory’s partnership with steel mill has gone for a long time with the partnership leading to the construction of highly popular vehicles in America, ranging from the Model A to F-150 pickup truck. However, in 2014, Ford announced its switch to the use of Aluminum in the construction of its F-150 trucks. This is not just a concern to Steel mill but all steelmakers within the US as most of the car makers have turned their attention towards the use of aluminum in the construction of cars. Being the second vital source of revenue for steelmakers, only after the construction industry, the automakers constitute about 20 percent steel sales for the steel makers within the US on an annual basis. As such, a shift towards aluminum as a replacement of steel would have a great impact on the revenue of the steel industry. The automakers are pushed towards adopting the lighter steel as a major component of their cars as a result of the push by both the administra tion and the consumers to develop fuel-efficient vehicles. The steel industry has effectively and rapidly responded to this shift in consumer demands by developing lighter, high-strength steel that would meet the needs of the consumers. For Steel Mill, this has led to the adoption of the lighter steel by Ford in building the frame of its F-150 trucks. This type of steel is sold at a lower price than the initial steel, which has reduced the cost for the consumers while at the same time increasing the sales for the steel-makers. Other companies within the steel industry have also been forced to merge with other companies that have proficiency in the development of lighter steel, as a strategic move aimed at holding onto their consumers.

Sales Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sales - Research Paper Example elling principle should incorporate three basic prescriptions: good communication; understanding of consumer preference; and ability to perceive emotional response of the customer. These philosophies are highly relevant for desired sales result. Effective communication is at the heart of all types of interaction. It facilitates better understanding of cross cultural values and promotes mutual respect. Good salesmen are able to ‘engage in behaviors that increase long-term customer satisfaction and avoid behaviors leading to customer dissatisfaction’ (Dunlap, Dotson, and Chambers 1988, p. 178). Indeed, effective communication and understanding of consumer behavior helps to customize the products to suit their needs. ‘Fundamental selling behaviors provide a mechanism through which salespeople can influence customers by satisfying customer needs (e.g., Spiro and Perreault 1979). A clever salesman is also flexible in his approach and changes his script according to the perceived responses of the prospects. The better he is, in understanding the delicate nuances of his prospects, better are his chances of clinching the sales deal. Dunlap, B.J., Michael J. Dotson, and Terry M. Chambers. (1988). Perceptions of Real-Estate Brokers and Buyers: A Sales-Orientation, Customer-Orientation Approach. Journal of Business Research, 17 (September),