International Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Business - Research Paper Example In those assembly lines and distribution centers the cars get manufactured and prepared before being dispatched to their destined markets and customers. Each of those countries has more than one motor vehicle brand and each of those brands significantly contributes to the economic development and status of its mother country. The presence of constant market for the automotive industry is a very fundamental element in establishing efficient and effective economic performance and in ensuring that the companies continue thriving in this fast changing and extremely competitive industry. Major Markets/ Importers China imports the highest units of cars annually, which is estimated at 2,206,929.0 units of automobile vehicles (Williams and Donnelly 2012, p.21). Germany also imports 19,640 cars, 215 trucks and 8,152 parts which make the total of 28,007 units. Additionally, Japanese imports 29,977 cars, 580 trucks and 15, 242 parts and this makes the total of 45, 799 units of automobile vehicl es imported annually (Williams and Donnelly 2012, p. 28). On the other end of the spectrum, China seems to be one of the best auto bazaars in the world. Generally speaking, China has the highest population growth around the world with an estimated current population of about 1.4 Billion people; and for this simple fact they potentially can well be the major market for any company that wants to pursue international and global quest. China does not only have a huge population size but their economy is growing at the highest rate than any other country or region around the world; hence it is an attractive market to many multinational companies (Hilmersson and Jansson, 2012). China has a favorable environment and a relatively stable political structure, which is also good for businesses because those are simply enabling factors that contribute to carrying out effective and streamlined business activities. Furthermore, in 2011, China accounted for 4.6 percent of the worldwide car export destinations as close to 850,000 vehicles were shipped to China then (Gokmen and Ozturk 2012, p.85). This is due to China’s growth rate which jumped upto 7.8 percent becoming the highest rate anywhere around the world, not only that but this rate was expected to grow even further to an astonishing 8.2 percent by 2013 (Thornton 2013, p.9). These numbers give an insight on the opportunities abundant within the Chinese market for ABC Ltd to potentially capitalize on. References Chung, Ji Y. (2011). The National Innovation System (NIS) and the automobile industry in South Korea. Fraunhofer ISI, Karlsruhe, p. 1-26.Retrieved on 9 May, 2013 from http://www.isi.fraunhofer.de/isi-media/docs/p/de/diskpap_innosysteme_policyanalyse/discussionpaper_29_2011.pdf?WSESSIONID=91190fa2a032a2f766f53940b84d4376 Thornton, G. Global Economy In 2013: Uncertainty Weighing On Growth, An Instinct for Growth, p.1-32. Retrieved on 9 May, 2013 from http://www.gtcayman.com/assets/global%20economy%20in%2020 13%20-%20final.pdf JAMA. (May 2010). The Motor Industry of Japan 2010. Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inch. Retrieved on 9 May, 2013 from http://www.jama-english.jp/publications/MIJ2010.pdf Williams, B.R & Donnelly, & J.M. (October 19, 2012). U.S. International Trade: Trends and Forecasts, Congressional Research Service, p.1-33 Retrieved on 9 May

Hal and Henry IV Essay Example for Free

Hal and Henry IV Essay Throughout Henry IV part 1 the character of Hal becomes more and more complex. It is frequently changing in numerous essential aspects. It is evident that there are two main relationships he has, one with his father Henry IV and the other with Falstaff. Hal seems to struggle to sustain a good relationship with both of them at the same time and therefore enters a realm in which he oscillates from one to another. The relationships he has with these two can have powerful similarities at times, however at other times they seem most controversial. Falstaff is a long term friend of Hal and can almost be considered as a father figure to him. In fact, Shakespeare decides to make him act as Hals father at one point which could be considered as a true representation of their relationship; Shakespeare is in fact trying to show that maybe this is how it should be. Falstaff saying that This chair shall be my state, this dagger my/sceptre, and this cushion my crown. (2.4.312-313) is giving him the role of king, and thus the role of Hals father. A father is supposed to be a loving character and it is expected that the son will follow in a likewise manner. This is portrayed in Henry IV part 1 because Hal seems to emulate Falstaff in several things he does, this is especially palpable in Act 1 scene 2 when Hal agrees to go with thee (1.2.152) to the robbery at Gads Hill, precisely like Falstaff. Hal accepts Falstaff as his father when he says Do thou stand for my father (1.2.64), meaning that Falstaff actually is like a father to Hal. Falstaff is a substitute father to one that Hal never managed to please. However, though this may seem apparent, it is quite likely that Hal is actually playing along with Falstaff, but keeping his distance. This is made flagrant through Hals reformation which is planned from the start. Falstaff and Hal have a strong relationship from the start of the play and it is somewhat obvious that Falstaff is Hals entertainer. Through the way that these two speak to each other the spectators can acknowledge a powerful bond. Frequently, comments like I prithee, sweet wag (1.2.12) occur between them showing that they are comfortable speaking together and that they have acquired a firm companionship. Furthermore, in the scene after the robbery at Gads Hill in which Hal, Poins and Falstaff contemplate the robbery (especially 2.4.175-205), it seems to take a very long time for Falstaff to grasp that it was Hal and Poins who robbed him. Hal and Poins discuss how Falstaff failed to get the money from the robbers, therefore Falstaff reluctantly plays on with them to show them that he is powerful and had to out-muscle several men. Yet by looking at the previous and subsequent scenes it becomes rather clear that Falstaff is a clever individual and that it cannot be true that he did not understand what happened at Gads Hill. Therefore, could Falstaff be playing along at this point just for Hals entertainment and resultantly taking his role as a comedian? Throughout the play it is therefore acknowledged that Falstaffs true aim is to make the future king happy; this could be for two vital reasons; he truly wants Hal to be happy or he is trying to secure a firm relationship with the future king for his own benefit. However, soon Hal mentions ending his relationship with Falstaff. During their mock role-play Falstaff (pretending to be Hal) tells Hal (pretending to be Henry IV) to Banish/plump Jack, and banish all the world. Then Hal replies to Falstaffs jovial speech I do, I will (2.4.397-399). These short snappy words give an insight that maybe what Hal is saying he actually means, maybe Hal will discard Falstaff due to the new found light of his reformation, and maybe that kingship should come before this dwindling relationship. Hal will discard Falstaff as can be seen from his soliloquy. When Hal decides to make himself like bright metal on a sullen ground, (1.2.172) he knows that he can use Falstaff to portray Hals ghastly past but then shine like a star as he bursts into kingship. It is for this reason and this reason only that Hal may wish to keep this relationship with Falsftaff, thus using him for his own benefit. Moreover, not long after Hal calls Falstaff a villainous abominable misleaders of youth, which once again is part of the so called role play but could in fact be the revelation of the truth. It may seem that Hal sees Falstaff as an obstruction on his path to glory however Hal is actually using Falstaff to make himself look bad and then have this sudden reformation and make himself look so much better. So instead he is in fact using Falstaff as a stepping stone across the deep and difficult river, known as the public eye. This is the very reason why Falstaff is trying so hard to maintain a companionship with Hal, only to steal his glory. This happens towards the end of the play when Falstaff betrays Hal. Falstaff lies that he killed the gallant Hotspur (1.1.52), not Hal. This can be seen when Hal says For my part, if a lie do thee grace (5.5.148). This has made it very possible and almost inevitable that Falstaff is in search for more honour, this source could indeed be Hal, Falstaffs supposed friend. Henry IV and Hal have a very convoluted and changing relationship. From the very beginning of the play it seems exceptionally manifest that Henry IV is a callous and unloving father and that his priorities lie not in his family but rather in himself and therefore his country. Henry IV is envious of Northumberland that he Should be a father to so blest a son (1.1.79). It is difficult to believe that a father does not love his only son as much as he does another person. Even if he did have these malicious judgments, it is still irregular that he tells it to other people so candidly in such a way. Henry IV is consequently disregarding Hal as part of his family at all and showing signs of hatred towards him. This reaches the extent that Henry IV actually wishes that he would have his Harry, and he mine (1.1.89), so not only is the king disappointed with his son but he would rather trade him for another. This will make Hal feel less happy with his own father and wish to seek this love from another, even Falstaff. The king is not giving his son a chance to prove himself and is seeing riot and dishonour (1.1.84) in him. On the other hand, Hal has a lot of respect for his father and later tries to achieve a stronger relationship. Hal calls his father his thrice-gracious lord, (3.2.93) showing a lot of respect and nobility. In addition, Hal tells his father I am your son, (3.2.134), never before has Hal considered himself as a son to his father or as his characteristics worthy of a son. This is apparent when Hal tells his father that wherein [his]youth/Hath faulty wandered (3.2.26-27) thus admitting his mistakes and that he has not made his father proud. He is therefore agreeing that he has not shown qualities worthy of a son and that maybe that he had never really considered himself to be one. These few words truly stand out amongst the rest that Hal will show his father the respect he deserves and that he will strengthen this relationship between them. Hal is trying to mend his mistakes while leaving Falstaff behind at the same time because he considered Falstaff as one of these mistakes. This scene in particular is a very crucial scene in the bonding relationship between father and son. Hal comes forward to his father and confesses of the wrongs he has done and appeals for redemption from his father. This scene can almost be visualised with Hal down on his knees and his father sitting on high throne by his side. This is the exact moment in the play when the relationship between Hal and Henry IV is restored. It is difficult to hear advice and more difficult to accept it yet Hal does so, not with Falstaff but with Henry IV. Nevertheless, it takes two to make a relationship work and this cannot be done by Hal alone, his father also needs to show equal respect to him. We find that Henry IV cares a great deal for his son, more than we had ever thought from previous scenes (like Act 1 scene 1). Henry IV continually gives Hal greatly needed advice of how As thou art this hour was Richard then (3.2.94), he warns him of how he should avoid being like Richard, the unsuccessful king was. He warns him with his true care that if he is not to show his kingly features Hotspur could easily take the throne away from him. This advice Henry gives with his true care for Hal, with fear of Hals future. Additionally, Henry IV tells Hal things he would only ever tell someone truly near him. This is evident when Henry IV says Why, Harry, do I tell thee of my foes, (3.2.122). By Henry IV telling this to Hal he is showing Hal this respect he has for him and that he too is willing to make this relationship work out. This scene truthfully shows a father and son in a relationship as they ought to be. Therefore, Hal and Falstaff once had a powerful relationship with one another in which Falstaff was a benevolent figure, but it seems that Hal is trying to destroy this relationship and force it to deteriorate because of this kingship he needs to tend to. Despite how strongly Falstaff may try to maintain their relationship it always seems to be falling apart. Furthermore, Falstaff is not actually trying to be Hals acquaintance but instead is trying to steal his glory. Similarly, the relationship with his father is very week to start. The king is very openly disgusted in his son and would prefer not to have him at all. However, later on in the play their relationship becomes much stronger, they have found faith in one another, the father has given the needed advice and the son has submissively accepted it. It seems that there has been a shift from Falstaff to Henry, as Hals relationship with Falstaff deteriorated his relationship with his father has progressed.

Effect of Pre-Existing Schemas on Memory Recall

Effect of Pre-Existing Schemas on Memory Recall Aasimah Nabeebocus Abstract: Previous research has shown that everyday memory fails in being able to recall and represent data accurately, measured using a drawing task and recognition task. Researchers have explained this in terms of a schema theory. That is individuals recall and represent information based on their pre-existing schemas. However much research conducted in this field, is outdated, therefore this current study aimed to shed light on this by using the same procedure as †¦Results indicate that while there was a significant difference in the representation of the clock between the copy and memory condition. No significant differences were found in the choice of recall by participants in the memory or copy condition. The result partially supports some previous research, and the implications of this finding suggest potential real life applications. Historically researchers have highlighted the importance of everyday memory. But contrary to this popular view emerging research have actually shown that everyday memory lacks accuracy and lead to biases in perception of everyday objects and situations. Nickerson and Adams (1982) investigated this idea whereby participants were instructed to recall and draw both sides of a U.S. penny. They found that recall was inaccurate and relatively poor, and that the features identified by the participants did not match correctly to the ones on the coin. Morris (1988) who investigated this further found that British students who were asked to identify and recall the right coin, only a small (15 %) percentage of students were able to recall the appearance of the coin. This indicates that simply looking at an object constantly does not necessarily mean that we pay attention and that the memory formed is correctly retained. Cohen (1989) proposes a theory that best explains this notion of failure in accurate memory recall. Schema theory suggests that our capacity to recall information is based on existing knowledge and prior experiences. In addition, it claims that our day-to-day memory â€Å"consists of a set of schemas, or knowledge structures through which we form our knowledge of objects, situations, events, or actions t learnt from previous experience†. A study that lends firm support to this theory was examined by Allport and Postman (1947). In their study participants were shown a photograph of a black male being menaced by a white male on the subway. When participants were questioned afterwards about the offender, participants were more likely to recall and identify the black man as the offender. It appears therefore that limiting ourselves to what we already know can biased one’s view on how they may perceived and recall a situation or person. Furthermore, a study by Williams and Richards (1993) investigated the effect of everyday memory on our ability to accurately recall roman numbers on a clock. The advantage of using such method was useful , as the number four was represented differently on a clock than to how it appears in roman numerals. Therefore, by varying the conditions in which participants engaged, they were able to detect whether participants resorted to using their schematic memory when trying to draw and recall the numbers on the clock. The three conditions included: (forewarned) where participants were instructed to look at the clock for a short period of time, as they would be asked to draw it after it had been taken away from their sight, (surprise) in this condition participants were simply asked to look at the clock, then later asked to draw it once it had been taken away, (copy) in this condition participants were instructed to draw the clock that appeared in front of them. Their results indicated that in the forewarned and surprise condition, participants were more likely to make mistakes and draw the figure four as â€Å"IV†, whereas those participants in the copy condition drew the figure four precisely to how it appeared on the clock e.g. â€Å"IIII†. Therefore it appears that the participants in the two memory conditions were more likely to recall information based on their schematic memory, this supports the theory that schemas do directly influence how we recall and represent information. However a limitation that stems from this study is that the participants in the copy condition were effortlessly drawing the clock that appeared in front of them, therefore schemas were not useful when asked to draw the clock. A study that accounts for this limitation is by Richard, French and Harris (1996). In their study the same method was applied, as participants engaged in 3 conditions, (forewarned, surprise, copy) and were asked to draw the clock but additionally they were asked to participate in a recognition task afterwards. Their results showed that the participants in the copy condition, when asked to choose between two pictures and identify which of the two clocks presented to them had the correct figure i.e. (4). Participants were more likely to recall the figure (4) being represented as â€Å"IV’ on the clock rather than â€Å"IIII†. In sum, while these findings provide evidence that schemas do have an impact on our ability to recall and recognise information. Much of the research conducted is outdated. Therefore, the findings cited above suggests that more recent research is to be conducted to find out whether the same results would be obtained at this present time. For this reason, the current study aimed to repeat the same procedure used in previous research in order to shed light on this issue. Since findings have been consistent, we proposed two experimental hypothesis based on Richard Harris (1993) and French Harris’ (1996) findings , which is stated below: H1: In the drawing task, there will be a significant difference between the two conditions i.e. memory condition and copy condition. The participants in the memory condition will be more likely to incorrectly represent the figure (4) as â€Å"IV’ compared to participants in the copy condition. H2: In the recognition task, there will be a significant difference between the two conditions i.e. memory condition and copy condition. Of the participants who accurately represented the figure four as ‘IIII’ in the drawing task, those in the copy condition will be more likely to accurately recall the figure four as ‘IIII compared to participants in the memory condition. Method: Participants: In the study 61 students were undertaking this experiment . However, two were excluded from the analysis because one participant drew the clock with ‘1,2,3,4 o’ clock etc. rather than Roman numerals, and a second did not complete the critical ‘IIII’ or ‘IV’ choice. Therefore our data only included a total number of 59 participants, this included 4 males and 55 females, aged between 18 and 30 years old. The mean for the age=19.21, SD=1.18, range=18-30. The participants were all undergraduate psychology students at Queen Mary University of London and were selected from 1st year undergraduate at Queen Mary. The participants were appropriately briefed prior to the experiment and informed consent was obtained. Lastly, the researcher ensured that all ethical guidelines were met and was approved by Queen Mary University of London Ethics Committee. Design: In this experiment, a between -subject design was used as participants only took part in one condition. The researcher also insured that all participants were randomly allocated to each condition. The independent variable were the three types of conditions: (surprise, forewarned and copy). While the dependent variable was whether participants drew or recognised the figure (4) as ‘IV’ or ‘IIII’ and how frequently participants recall or recognised the figure (4) as being ‘IV’ or ‘IIII’. Procedure: Small groups of participants took part in each condition, this was to ensure that all participants observed the clock clearly and no obstructions were present. The clock used in the original studies was a standard clock made by Samuel Bishop of London, with clear Roman Numerals on the face. The figure (4) appeared as ‘IIII’ on the clock. The time on the clock was adjusted at ten past seven. In this current experiment, a picture of the clock was employed rather than the actual clock used in French and Richard (1993) study. The experiment compromised of 3 conditions (forewarned, surprise and copy). Each group of participants were assigned to one of these conditions. These conditions were carried out chronologically. In the first condition (surprise). Participants were informed to simply look at the clock for a period of 5 minutes. Once the picture had been taken away from their sight. Participants were then asked to draw the clock from memory. In the second condition (forewarned). Participants were informed that they would be asked to draw the clock after observing the clock for a short period of time. But that they could only draw the clock, once the image had been taken out of their sight. In the third condition (copy). Participants were informed to observe the clock and draw the clock. In all the conditions participants were asked to state on their drawing sheet their age, sex, conditions ( and personal identifier, this was composed of their mother’s first two initials and their date of birth. In all the conditions (forewarned, surprise, copy) a recognition task was also carried out after the drawing task. This was the same method employed by Richard Harris (1996) in their study. In the recognition task, participants were presented with two pictures of the clock at the same time and asked to choose the correct picture that matched the clock that they had previously observed. In each of the group, half of the participants obtained both pictures in which the correct picture was placed on the left, and the rest of the participants obtained both pictures in which the correct picture was placed on the right. After participants had made their choice they were asked to write down which conditions they took part in (i.e. 1st, 2nd or 3rd) age, sex and personal identifier this was to ensure that their data from the drawing task could be matched accordingly. [MW1] Results: Count 24 7 IV Expected count 18.4 12.6 Count 11 17 IIII Expected count 16.6 11.4 MC CC Count 4 11 IV Expected count 5.7 9.3 Count 7 7 IIII Expected count 5.3 8.7 All the participants drawing were assessed to see whether they presented the figure four as ‘IV’ or ‘IIII’. The frequency of this is shown for each condition is shown below. There was no difference in the results between the forewarned and surprised condition, as a result these two data were collapsed into one condition called ‘memory condition’, this was carried out in order to increase the statistical power of the test. Given the test is categorical, we used a non-parametric test to examine whether the differences were significant. A chi-square test was conducted on the data. The test revealed that there was a significant difference between how participants represented the number 4 in each condition, chi-square (1)=8.87,p=. 003. In the recognition data, analysis was only taken for those participants who accurately dew four as ‘IIII’ in the first part of the study (drawing task) .A chi-square was conducted on the data to see if there was a significant difference in participant’s ability to identify the correct clock from two possible options, whether they had previously copied or drawn it from memory. The test revealed that there was no significant difference between the choices in recall made by participatns in the mempry and copy condition, chi-square (1)=1.68, p >.05 [MW3] Discussion: This study aimed to add to previous old research by looking at whether the same result would be found at this current time. The results showed that in the drawing task there was a significant difference in the frequencies i.e. whether they accurately or wrongly represented the figure (4) as either ‘IV’ or ‘IIII’ between the two conditions. However there was no significant difference between the numbers of correct recalls made by participants in the recognition task. Therefore, our first experimental hypothesis is supported while our second hypothesis is rejected. This shows that in the drawing task, those participants in the memory conditions who incorrectly represented the figure (4) as ‘IV’ were more likely to use their schematic memory rather than actually processing the information. However those participants in the copy condition who accurately drew the figure (4) in the drawing task butwrongly recalled the figure (4) as ‘IV’ i n the drawing task. This shows that observing the clock while drawing did not facilitate the participant in processing or encoding that information, thus affecting their ability to accurately recall it later on.[MW4] These findings are in accordance with Williams et al (1993) study that found that in the drawing task, participants in the copy condition were accurate in their representation of the four compared to participants in the memory condition (forewarned and surprised). Additionally, our results is partially supported by Richard, French et al (1996) who found that those in the copy condition were more likely to recall the figure (4) inaccurately though they had represented the number 4 accurately in the drawing task. A plausible explanation, may be that participants were effortlessly drawing what appeared in front of them, therefore more likely to get it right in the drawing task but when asked to recall the information as they did not pay attention they resorted to using their schemas in order to recall what the figure (4) appeared as on the clock. However, unlike our results this study did find a significant difference between the memory condition and copy condition when asked to recall. As those in the memory condition who represented the figure (4) accurately in the drawing task, none of these participants inaccurately recalled the four in the recognition task. The fact that that these results are only partially consistent with previous research points to a possible limitation within the study. Due to our study consisting a small sample size, this suggests a possibility in creating a Type II [MW5]error. A type two error is â€Å"falsely rejecting the null hypothesis and stating that the results are due to chance†. Therefore having a larger sample may have yielded more statistically powerful results, this is supported by Richard et al (1996) who found a statistically significant difference. Additionally, using a different statistical test may have been better given the small sample size, a good alternative would have been a Fisher exact test [MW6]this is again supported by Richard et al (1996) who found statistically significant difference when running a fisher test. Further, one possible explanation for the outcome of this result is the impact of interference on students schematic memory[MW7]. A study by Nickerson and Adams (1979) suggested that participants who drew the penny incorrectly may have have difficulty in differentiating between features of an old and current penny. This results indicates that roman numerals learned at school may have interfered with participatns ability to form new memories of the clock face, this is increasingly more prominent in younger students as they have had less exposure to roman numeral clock faces. Therefore participants may have recognised the number 4 as ‘IV’ rather than ‘IIII’. Finally, the impact of these findings are not only interesting, but could hold significance in real life situations . In a case study in which a young lady Jennfier Thompson (1984) was raped, it was found that when asked to identity her rapist she falsely accused an innocent man . This finding suggest that memories are not infallible and can be influenced easily by schemas or other factors. Nickerson, R. S., Adams, M. J. (1979). Long-term memory for a common object.Cognitive Psychology,11(3), 287-307. [MW1]Perfect method, well done à ¯Ã‚ Ã…   [MW2]You need to portion out the forewarned and surprise memory conditions in the initial frequency table. You can then explain why the conditions were collapsed together afterwards (this is what Richards and co did) [MW3]This isn’t reported correctly. You need to put it inside brackets, and you need to use the Greek symbol for Chi which is χ [MW4]If you’re looking to cut words, I think these two paragraphs can be shortened. [MW5]This is written as Type II Good old roman numerals 😉 [MW6]Needs capitals – Fisher’s Exact Test [MW7]As I said before, this is not a limitation. This is a possible explanation for the results.

Fire Song :: Free Essay Writer

Fire Song This book is based around Bowmen Hath and Kestrel Hath who are twins. Both embark on journey with their friend Mumpo, to save their people, the Manth. This book begins after they escape with their family and a group of friends from an evil Priest/Warlord Albard and his Mastery. As they go on there journey the face foes of nature and of great evil. Bowmen is the kind sensitive type. He knows his time is running out, soon some people will arrive and take him on a journey from which he will never return form. However he dose not know who or how that person will look like. Bowmen is unique, his special gift sets him apart from everyone else. He is able to discover what a persons most darkest secrets are just by focusing on them, read their minds and identify every move they are going to make, block projectiles with the power of his mind. Kestrel on the other hand, is the more impulsive of the pair. She posses the same gifts as Bowmen, however not as strong. Kestrel is the schemer, she thinks of plans on the fly when she has to, and is willing to get her hands dirty if she has to. She believes that her heart is cold and unable to love the person who’s willing to give up his life for her, Mumpo. Mumpo is the warrior, once marching with the evil army, â€Å" The Zars†. He is Quick, strong, agile and good with a multitude of weapons. Bowmen and Kestrel’s mother Ira Hath is a prophet, able to tell the future of what is going to happen and what should be going on and what is not. However her gift is also her curse, the more she prophesies the weaker she becomes. Ira’s Husband Hanno Hath is the leader of their group. With his wife’s ability to tell if they are going the right direction to the â€Å"Homeland† or not he is prepared to take responsibility of every ones lives including the lives of his closest friends. The mood the author has written within the book is that of an era with very little peace and evil spreading in every direction. People must band together and out away their differences and work to save every ones lives. â€Å"Only the strong will survive† is a phrase that can explain the mood of the book.

Different stakeholders who influence the purpose of two contrasting businesses

Describe the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of two contrasting businessesA stakeholder is an individual or group with an interest in the success of a business in delivering intended results and sustaining the capability of the company’s products and services. Well basically stakeholders are groups of people with an interest/concern about the progress of a business.There are internal and external stakeholders in every business. An internal stakeholder is someone linked internally to the company that has personal interests which they might pursue. An example for this is that managers might seek organisational growth over profits, employees seek high wages and owners would seek for their shares to increase in value. External shareholders can be individuals or groups such as customers, suppliers or the public which is influenced by a business but are not a businesses internal part.Stakeholders are affected by certain decisions made by companies. This is whether i t is positively or negatively decisions. They can influence a company and decisions that they make.There are several types of stakeholders as seen below; Business: TescoTesco is a PLC and it is a global business, it is a supermarket which gives products and service. Tesco is the third largest retailer in world measured by revenues and second largest measured by profits. This is a British supermarket which started in 1919. Tesco is owned by shareholders and anyone could buy shares into the business, the share price is  £341.41p. Tesco is divided in to five different formats, differentiated by size and what sort of products sold. Tesco is divided into Tesco extra, Tesco metro, Tesco express, Tesco petrol station and Tesco superstore. Tesco has 6351 stores in total.Customers: Customers are also known as buyer, client or purchaser of a good, service or product. Customers usually buy products or services from Tesco.Customers want Tesco to produce high quality products. The customers ar e interested in buying products from Tesco because they have n interest in the companies’ products. The customers want value for money. They also want the quality prices to be competitive. If a customer is satisfied with Tesco product then they will recommend. Customers can influence Tesco by deciding to continue to purchase goods and services from Tesco. Customers can choose to take their custom elsewhere therefore this influences the profits that Tesco would make.Employees: The employees of Tesco seek security of employment, promotion opportunities and good rates of reward. They are also proud to be working for a global business like Tesco.Suppliers: The suppliers of Tesco want steady orders and prompt payment. They also want to feel valued by the company that are proud of. The suppliers will have an influence on the price because if they sell it as an expensive rate to Tesco then Tesco will also have to increase the value of their product.Owners: These are the shareholders of the business they have an interest in the profit Tesco makes. Tesco has shareholders due to its global business. Owners are often thought to be the most important stakeholders because they have set up the business and give a lot of time into the company to make it successful. Owners like to see their share of profit increasing, and the value of their business rising. The shareholders will want to see how Tesco is doing and the reputation of Tesco. An shareholder can make decisions.. The positive influence is that they could invest more into Tesco whilst the negative influence they could have is that they could take their money out of Tesco’s business and take it somewhere else.Local and National Communities: The actions of business can have a dramatic effect on communities. A community leader represents important interest groups.Governments: The government wants businesses to become successful, to create  jobs and to pay taxes. They want to see good businesses that take a full responsibility on looking after the welfare of society.Influence of stakeholders on businesses: A business needs to take account of the interests of all its stakeholder groupings. These interests are linked together.Organization: RSPCAThe Rspca stakeholders are internal stakeholders. It is a charity that takes care of unloved and unwanted pets. The people who founded Rspca are the people who started the charity up at the beginning. Then there are people who look after the charity and make the decisions about the business and these are called Board of Trustees.Donators: The people who donate to Rspca are major stakeholders as Rspca would not be able to be a successful charity without the donations as they are the key to the money that is raised. Donators are major stakeholders as they're also the largest investors to Rspca and influence it greatly. Without this support network the work would be limited and the animals would not be treated properly. The donators would not be c oncerned about how much they spend as they know that the money goes donated is going for a good cause.Animals; Rspca help the animals who are suffering from illnesses and diseases and those who can’t get their basic needs. Rspca provides them food, water and shelter and treat them with any illnesses they have.Customers; The customers are the people who give Rspca animals that they can not cope with anymore. The customers maybe fed up with their pet or the pet may have a disease which the owner can’t afford to treat them. This influences the customer as the pet will be in a better and safe place. The customer will not have to worry about the pet anymore as it will be in good care by Rspca. The customer could also ask Rspca for help on vet bills and rescues.Employees: Employees are stakeholders within Rspca as the business provides them with a livelihood. If the organisation is a non profit organisation then this provides a sense of generosity for those who work for free . They seek security of employment, promotion, opportunities and good rates of reward. They may also want to care for the animals that are in danger.Managers: The managers are the people who are in charge of Rspca. The job the manager does is to build relationships and deals with customer issues. Their job is to manage daily operations which are to meet the needs urgently to the animals that need care.The Trade Union: The Trade Union are the people who try to make good working conditions for the staff who are employed by Rspca.I have found out that Tesco and the Rspca have different stakeholders because of the way they are run and so the stakeholders always want what is best for either the customer or the company.

Free Essays on The Truth Is Burning Me Up Inside

The Truth is Burning Me Up Inside You are a crime scene investigator and it’s your first day on the job. You get a call that a woman has been burned to death and reduced to ashes in her own home, in her favorite easy chair. Strangely enough, her legs and hands are left untouched. The rest of the room is covered in greasy soot, but nothing is damaged. Curious, you pull out your ‘Corpse’ field handbook and realize that its takes a source of 3000 degrees Fahrenheit to consume the human skeleton. Meanwhile, basic fire science tells you that a room can ignite with an ambient heat of 1110 degrees Fahrenheit. Had 67-year-old Mary Reeser just been punished by a supreme being for her unwholesome thoughts, or was she just being careless with her cigarettes? Nevertheless, this case, like many others, has been classified as Spontaneous Human Combustion, or SHC. However, SHC can clearly be debunked as a case of paranormal activity through the use of modern science and technology, or can it? SHC is not a new phenomena, it has dated back as early as 1610 A.D. Why has a phenomena with such horrific results been left a mystery for so many years? It might be because of all the plausible explanations, both scientific and spiritual. Let us start with the spiritual explanation first. According to Hebrews 10:26,27, â€Å"For if we practice sin willfully after having received accurate knowledge of the truth, there is no longer any sacrifice for sins left, but there is a certain fearful expectation of judgment and there is a fiery jealousy that is going to consume those in opposition.† Maybe that was the answer; it’s God consuming those who oppose him with a fiery jealousy. However, if you actually read through the bible, it becomes evident that an ‘act of God’ will not be seen again till the time of Armageddon. So before we become blasphemers and get consumed by fire, let’s take a scientific approach. It is possib... Free Essays on The Truth Is Burning Me Up Inside Free Essays on The Truth Is Burning Me Up Inside The Truth is Burning Me Up Inside You are a crime scene investigator and it’s your first day on the job. You get a call that a woman has been burned to death and reduced to ashes in her own home, in her favorite easy chair. Strangely enough, her legs and hands are left untouched. The rest of the room is covered in greasy soot, but nothing is damaged. Curious, you pull out your ‘Corpse’ field handbook and realize that its takes a source of 3000 degrees Fahrenheit to consume the human skeleton. Meanwhile, basic fire science tells you that a room can ignite with an ambient heat of 1110 degrees Fahrenheit. Had 67-year-old Mary Reeser just been punished by a supreme being for her unwholesome thoughts, or was she just being careless with her cigarettes? Nevertheless, this case, like many others, has been classified as Spontaneous Human Combustion, or SHC. However, SHC can clearly be debunked as a case of paranormal activity through the use of modern science and technology, or can it? SHC is not a new phenomena, it has dated back as early as 1610 A.D. Why has a phenomena with such horrific results been left a mystery for so many years? It might be because of all the plausible explanations, both scientific and spiritual. Let us start with the spiritual explanation first. According to Hebrews 10:26,27, â€Å"For if we practice sin willfully after having received accurate knowledge of the truth, there is no longer any sacrifice for sins left, but there is a certain fearful expectation of judgment and there is a fiery jealousy that is going to consume those in opposition.† Maybe that was the answer; it’s God consuming those who oppose him with a fiery jealousy. However, if you actually read through the bible, it becomes evident that an ‘act of God’ will not be seen again till the time of Armageddon. So before we become blasphemers and get consumed by fire, let’s take a scientific approach. It is possib...

A research investigation on purchasing intentions and customers loyalty towards Michelin in China

A research investigation on purchasing intentions and customers loyalty towards Michelin in China Abstract When customers in a business firm are loyal, they make the organization to attain uninterrupted flow of income and relatively lower costs of production due to favorable economies of scale. The improved income is usually as a result of increase in production whereas the cost of production is cut down due to the decrease in promotional expenses.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on A research investigation on purchasing intentions and customers loyalty towards Michelin in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The whole process is triggered by high customer loyalty and optimal purchasing intentions which culminate into increase in the firm’s profits. It is important to note that customer loyalty does not grow by itself. As a matter of fact, it is a product of quality marketing strategies in today’s competitive markets. For a company to achieve customer loyalty, it must create an exemplary value for all its consistent and potential new customers. This dissertation proposal paper seeks to examine how consumer based value at Michelin has succeeded in marketing in addition to creating a loyal customer relations at the Chinese market. A comprehensive framework that leads to desirable results has been formulated. Based on ground findings and reliable literature reviews, the customer perceived firm value can be investigated and evaluated. This research study will conclude with solid findings which can be evaluated using specified standards rather than the common monetary scales. Underlying principle Studies reveal that customer loyalty is one of the basic elements which forms a stable foundation for business organizations to be operated successfully (Bloemer Odekerken-Schrà ¶der 2002, p. 70). Indeed, the loyalty of customers plays a critical function in ensuring the profitability of a business. Loyal customers are always ready to give a company a true and sincere feedback, make va lid recommendations to the company, go an extra mile to try every new product which is on sale by the company and also buy the company’s products in spite of variety of products and services that are being supplied by competitors (Christopher 2012, p.99). Bustillo and Lloyd (2009, p. 50) note that customer retention is a broad goal aimed at by all organizations. They add that this cannot be achieved without establishing a firm base in customer loyalty strategies (Bustillo Lloyd 2009, p. 54).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a bid to improve customer retention, companies like Michelin have to evaluate the environment of their operational markets. In order to be able to retain all new customers without incurring extra cost, firms need to research in a thorough way the dynamics of the principle of customer intentions and loyalty. On the other hand, invest ment management firms have to understand the status of companies’ customer loyalty in order to be able to offer reliable services to them (Cengiz Yayla 2007, p. 80). A good understanding of the importance of cultivating customer loyalty has been proposed in this study. It is worth noting that customer loyalty will often make companies to become more competitive when they adopt better programs. As a matter of fact, the case study on Michelin in China provides very typical example on how business organizations ought to manage their markets as part and parcel of retaining their customers. The study will seek to highlight how Michelin has managed to dominate the Chinese market despite of the fact that there are other market players who are equally competitive and appealing to the targeted markets. There are several benefits which are to be accrued by the analysis of Michelin’s customer loyalty performance in China. As already noted in the above introduction, the well esta blished investment advisory companies will gain invaluable information. They will be placed in a strategic position to operate with a more streamlined focus. Therefore, individual companies and the entire industry need to consider being involved in carrying the regular market research. To account for their importance, Chris, Greg and Suzan (2012, p. 145) are quite categorical that the only thorough explanation which elaborates poor customer loyalty among companies operating in China is poor research in the field of marketing. Literature appraisal Given that the primary objective of this research will be to improve customer loyalty for Michelin, adequate examination of several pieces of literature is inevitable. In this regard, several works of both empirical and theoretical literature have been analyzed. The empirical texts support the role of mediating influence in marketing to maximize customer loyalty. The issue of customer loyalty has proved to be challenging to both researchers and marketers (Cronin, Brady Hult 2000, p. 201). Despite of this challenge, it has continually been discussed since businesses have great interest in it. The case of Michelin’s customer loyalty has taken an approach of evaluating how they have managed to create value for themselves as well as for other external stakeholders of the company.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on A research investigation on purchasing intentions and customers loyalty towards Michelin in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the relationship between customer loyalty and company value has been sufficiently supported by empirical studies rather than theoretical literature largely due to the credibility of information gathered from primary sources (Dick Basu 2001, p. 110). Donio, Massari and Passiante (2006, p.50) note that marketing is supposed to fulfill the desires of customers. This explains why marketing strategie s are supposed to build long term as well as mutually benefiting relationships between customers and the firm. In other words, the firm is supposed to deliver a true and ideal value to the market so that the tastes, demand and preferences of consumers are met in a timely manner. Marketing strategies survive through proper market analysis (Eakuru Mat 2008, p.130). Besides, controlled market variables give a firm the foundation to pursue desirable levels of consumer satisfaction (Elliot 2010, par. 2). Positioning, targeting and segmenting will be described and evaluated in the case of Michelin. These are the specific marketing tools which yield customer retention and loyalty. Precise utilization of product package differentiation and segmentation capitalize into dependable strategy (Haelsig et al 2007, p. 441). On the other hand, customer perceived value refers to the customers’ total assessment of the usefulness of products on the basis of perceptions of net benefit (Hemlock 2009, p. 55). It can be explained using an assessment criteria involving feedback from customers after a particular product has been used, evaluation during transaction and the general expectation before making a purchase. Customers need quality, monetary suitability in terms of price and non-monetary worth in terms of effort and time to develop interest in specific products of a firm. It will therefore be critical to point out the level of loyalty among customers of Michelin products. The research will obtain clients’ first hand information for the sake of accuracy and credibility of data. Studies indicate that the most typical and approved way to assess the customer perceived value of a company is to employ the buyer response research method which will of course be used in this case (Hennig-Thurau, Gwinner Gremler 2002, p. 239).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Difference between the policies and rules that Michelin initiates in Europe and China After expanding to the Chinese market, Michelin had to modify its policies and rules in order to fit within the new market. While the company had been practicing strong values in terms of organizational culture in order to attract and retain customers, it was necessary for its management in China to evaluate as well as understand the new environment especially in regards to culture. For instance, Michelin in China has endeavored to cherish and relentlessly pursue its revamped organizational culture that seeks to uphold optimum respect for the environment, facts, shareholders, people and customers. The company’s operation in China has also witnessed a decent career management model that seeks to improve the capacity and training of its employees. The model is divided into four phases namely individual’s view, manager’s view, career manager’s view as well as periodic devel opment review. In addition, Michelin in China has adopted a robust performance appraisal system as well as a development process unlike in Europe. It is carried out both annually and periodically. The latter was found to be necessary in the new market in order to boost the performance of employees and overall brand image of the company in the new competitive and dynamic market. Study matters Most studies in the business field of customer loyalty outcomes dwell on the complainant behavior of customers, their specific purchase intentions and sensitivity to a company’s prices (Huddleston at al 2009, p. 71). This has been proven to be insufficient in investigating the conclusive loyalty exercised by companies’ consumers (Ibrahim Najjar 2008, p.32). This research seeks to investigate the loyalty depicted by Michelin’s customers specifically in the nation of China. It seeks to find out how the company has managed to attract and retain a lot of loyal customers. The sp ecific market strategies which have succeeded or failed in different situations are also a major concern. The study seeks to find out the criterion which has been used by companies in the Chinese market to make their goods in relation to convenience, price and quality. Convenience is taken as the effort and time which customers spend. Elements of market mix are the antecedents to value (Kanagai 2009, p.18). The quality of products will be evaluated in terms of monetary sacrifices made by customers. The efforts made by clients to do business will be discussed and researched as well. This will help in explaining how the company has been able to attain and retain loyal customers. Reasons for study This study investigates and explores how the business organization has maintained competitiveness. It investigates the challenges towards expansion and maintaining a stable share market. Globalization and innovations in technology has enabled consumers to become more informed (Kerin, Hartley Rudelius 2009, p. 101). It has given consumers more alternatives and opportunities of doing their purchases. This has called for customers to become more careful by making their choices become the most paramount aspect in the market (Kanagal 2009, p.11). It is important to study the behavior of customers. The study of a specific company like Michelin is a typical base to evaluate the price relationships in the market. This research seeks to explore the market of China. It will also help to highlight the most effective ways of capturing the loyalty of the dynamic Chinese market. It will investigate how the customers are able to keep on purchasing a product which is believed to be highly priced. The suspicion of customers will be considered and different persons will be given a chance to explain why they consider the use of complaints as the most effective way of communicating to their suppliers (Kotler 2005, p. 150). The positioning of Michelin in the market will also be investigate d. An exploration on how the company positions itself in making market strategies will be carried. The manipulation of all market elements to exceed the value of other competing firms is a strategy of establishing consumer loyalty (Kotler Armstrong 2008, p. 200). The use of mass marketing in China will be studied. Basically the general market environment which surrounds the firm will be scrutinized in detail. The study is therefore done to collect sufficient data which will be used by firms, the government and individual investors to make appropriate decisions in regards to the market. It aims at creating an ultimate awareness of the major factors which should be considered by any stakeholder in the Chinese market. The choice of one company will ensure that the others are able to learn without the formulation their own interventions. The management of Michelin will be placed in a good position to make better strategies in terms of making new business moves. Scope and compass of the study It has been found out that in the global industrial sector, the chances of running a successful business depend on the advance understanding of the general attitudes of the target customers (Kotler Keller 2006, p.70). On this note, this study is formulated to describe the ways of exerting an influence which yields customer loyalty. Customer intentions are critical in driving the market. The efforts put by a company to get into good relationships with customers have been realized to be the ones which make a firm more successful than others. Business principles in the industrial sector dictate that companies must ensure customer satisfaction in order to attain sustainable profitability (Mabel Aihie 2012, p.97). The government ensures that all consumers are supplied with good quality products and services. In order to comply with the regulative activities of the ministry of trade and commerce, a company must ensure that it examines all the variables which interact with its cus tomers. To be able to continue being profitable, Michelin has to emulate the viewpoint of both the government and the industrial researchers. Furthermore, the size of the company being investigated is very important. It has to be clearly understood that economies of scale come with a variety of other factors. Large companies need to have relatively sufficient knowledge of the details of the customers in their markets. This is because slight changes in the loyalty of clients result into relatively huge losses given that the company operates in a mode which yields high returns. Researcher studies have stated that large scale companies have a greater need of ensuring customer relations (Mabel Aihie 2012, p.98). This is explained by the fact that apart from being loyal to a particular firm, consumers attached to such companies often become loyal to specific brands manufactured by the same companies (Kanagai 2009, p.16). Indeed, it is very essential for all multinational companies to pa rticipate in this important research. The workers of a given company are well positioned to have access of customer responses. This is because customers find themselves in discussions which give honest feelings towards a company. In this scope of the matter, the employees have been used as very resourceful participants in investigating the loyalty of Michelin’s customers in China. Research methodology (Exploration and sampling strategies, data collection, analysis, validity and reliability) In order to make sure that the study achieves credible and reliable findings, interplay of data collection and research methodology has been used in investigating customer loyalty at Michelin. Both inductive and deductive strategies have been employed. The research exploration strategies used are a case study of Michelin in China, concept and semantic webbing, debating discussions with other scholars in the same field, open-ended questions, active assessments and theatrical questioning of customers in the market. The internet has been used to enrich the secondary findings of the research. The findings will also be collected widely and compiled. The combination of information from both online and offline sources will offer valuable and reliable data store formed during this research study (Dick Basu 2001, p. 110). The use of action study methodology is approved in business research studies. According to Bustillo and Lloyd (2009, p. 54), the two major approaches of researching have been employed. By using the citizen based style, the research is aimed at empowering the customer. This has been incorporated with bringing the desirable change. The participatory action research method will be used to recommend changes that ought to be executed at Michelin and any other interested company. The participatory research model will also ensure that outcomes offer guidance in the best way to trigger and nurture customer loyalty. Nonetheless, this action research style raises sev eral challenges. For instance the issues of validity, credibility, generalization, document value and reporting errors will have to be addressed. This particular method will enable this company to improve the practices which have direct impact on the loyalty of customers. In addition, keen attention will enable understanding of the changing situations in the competitive Chinese market. Companies which will choose to take part in the research at that time will be in a better position to boost their customer loyalty status. Using the instructional strategies which prompt action immediately after making findings will play a role in suggesting post research actions by the firms. Data will also be collected using observer notes. The practitioners will participate in the day to day activities of the company. This will enable them to make first hand observation on customer reactions and general responses. Establishing collaboration will help in ensuring trustworthiness of data. This will b e cultivated through the use of data triangulation which is expected to create collaborating evidence on all findings (Dick Basu 2001, p.111). The qualitative technique will be employed in ensuring effectiveness and consistency in the multiple customer evaluations. In other words, the solid findings collected directly from the market situation will be tested for validity using business principles. Testing datum will be applied to any data before it is validated for use. Strict interpretation against other findings will be used as a tool for increasing credibility (Elliott, 2010). Access Several challenges are expected in the execution of this study. These are basically some of the inevitable difficulties that may be encountered in the due process of conducting the research study. It is important to note that all factors which limit the accessibility of participants have a great impact on the overall research findings. The research is therefore going to be done with various restrict ions in mind. In any case, the lack of adequate access to information in the process of conducting research will be alleviated by ensuring that all possible barriers are indentified early in advance (Swoboda, Morschett Schramm-Klein 2007, p. 339). Measures will be taken to review all arrangements of data collection and analysis. The key area of access should be maintained as a pivotal mark. This will ensure that quality findings are fully and accurately compiled. The final reports given by all participants will be treated keenly to ensure that the respondents do not have a feeling of being used by researchers with no gain (Chris, Greg Suzan 2012, p.150). In order to ensure that the participants are fully accessed, Michelin or any other party which decides to do this research should aspire to cover the nationwide market in China. This is the reason why the research is open and allows the input of all interested parties. Moreover, a reliable Gantt chart (shown on the next page) has been formulated to give the research schedule which will be followed during the research process. Figure 1: Gantt chart Conclusion The most dependable definition of customer loyalty establishment in regards to this study is the process of attracting customers, persuading them to buy a company’s products and services as well as hospitable treatment. The aforementioned practices within an organization will definitely attract customers and sway their purchasing needs towards particular products. The study will achieve typical and useful information since it will focus on Michelin’s email marketing which has been appealing to customers. The manner in which the team in China has been treated over time determines how they have been treating customers. This is not preconceptions bearing in mind that studies have shown that if a company cares for its employees, it directly and positively affects how customers are served on a daily basis. The choices made by customers and clie nts at Michelin are not beyond the control of the company. In addition, the company will be able to come up with appropriate market strategies after doing an assessment of its customer relations in China. The company also needs to get the facts on the loyalty of its customers in order to come up with inspirational and motivational activities. References Bloemer, J. Odekerken-Schrà ¶der, G 2002, â€Å"Store satisfaction and store loyalty explained bycustomer- and store-related factors,† Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfactionand Complaining Behavior, vol. 15 no. 2, pp. 68-80. Bustillo, M. Lloyd, M 2009, â€Å"Best Buy seeks female shoppers,† Wall Street Journal, vol. 17 no.3, pp.45-68. Cengiz, E. Yayla, H 2007, â€Å"The effect of marketing mix on positive word of mouth communication: Evidence from accounting offices in Turkey†, Innovative Marketing, vol. 3 no. 4, pp. 73-86. Chris, B., Greg, E. Suzan, B 2012, â€Å"Modeling customer satisfaction a nd loyalty: survey data versus data mining†, The Journal of Services Marketing vol. 26 no. 3, pp. 148-157. Christopher, B 2012, â€Å"The dynamics of satisfaction and loyalty after relational transgressions†, The Journal of Services Marketing vol. 26 no. 2, pp. 94-101. Cronin, J., Brady, M. Hult, G 2000, â€Å"Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments†, Journal of Retailing, vol. 76 no.2, pp.193-218. Dick, A. Basu, K 2001, â€Å"Customer loyalty: Toward an integrated conceptual framework†, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 22 no. 2, pp. 99-113. Donio, J., Massari, P. Passiante, G 2006, â€Å"Customer satisfaction and loyalty in a digitalenvironment: An empirical test,† Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 23 no. 7, pp. 445-457. Eakuru, N. Mat, N 2008, â€Å"The application of structural equation modeling (SEM) indetermining the antecedents of custo mer loyalty in banks in South Thailand,† The Business Review, Cambridge, vol. 10 no. 2, pp. 129-139. Elliott, C 2010, Confessions of a frequent-flyer program skeptic. Web. Haelsig, F. et al 2007, â€Å"An intersector analysis of the relevance of service in building a strong retail brand,† Managing Service Quality, vol. 17 no.4, pp. 428-448. Hemlock, D 2009, â€Å"What’s next for Saturn?† South Florida Sun-Sentinel, vol. 10 no.5 pp.34-57. Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K Gremler, D 2002, â€Å"Understanding relationship marketing outcomes: An integration of relational benefits and relationship quality,† Journal of Service Research, vol. 4 no.3, pp. 230-247. Huddleston, P. et al 2009, â€Å"Customer satisfaction in foodretailing: Comparing specialty and conventional grocery stores. International’, Journal of Retail Distribution Management, vol. 37 no.1, pp. 63-80. Ibrahim, H. Najjar, F 2008, â€Å"Relationship bonding tactics, personality tra its, relationshipquality and customer loyalty: Behavioral sequence in retail environment,† The Icfai University Journal of Services Marketing, vol. 6 no. 4, pp. 1-37. Kanagal, N 2009, â€Å"Role of relationship marketing in competitive marketing strategy,† Journal of Management and Marketing Research, vol. 2 no.4, pp. 1-17. Kerin, R., Hartley, S. Rudelius, W 2009, Marketing, McGraw-HillIrwin, Boston. Kotler, P Armstrong, G 2008, Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Kotler, P Keller, K 2006, Marketing Management (12th ed.), Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Kotler, P 2005, According to Kotler: The World’s Foremost Authority on Marketing Answers Your Questions, AMACOM, New York. Mabel, K. Aihie, O 2012, â€Å"Remedy or cure for service failure?†, Business Process Management Journal vol. 18 no. 1, pp. 82-103.

Anna Blair Etheridge essays

Anna Blair Etheridge essays Anna Blair Etheridge was an honored civil war nurse. She was well known to the people who fought in the war. Information about her childhood is scarce. She joined the army as a cook, and ended up being a nurse. She devoted her life to the army from the first battle at Blackburns Ford, in 1861, until the last battle at Petersburg, in 1865. Anna was born and raised in Detroit. There she lived in a small house with her dad, and her housekeeper named Belle. Later on when Anna turned twelve, she and her dad moved to Wisconsin, leaving behind a great friend named Sophie, and Belle. They were living in a one-room apartment. During that time she meet a new friend named Clara Jenkins. They loved to cook together. Clara always complemented her on how well she cooked. Soon after, Annas dad became very ill. She nursed him until he died. Not knowing what to do, she took Claras advice and moved back to Detroit with her friend Sophie and her family. Sophie was glad to see Anna back. The first few days together, they visited all the places they used to enjoy before Anna moved. Later on at dinnertime, Will, Sophies brother, said he was going to join the Union Army of Potomac to fight in the war. Union Army, were words Anna couldnt get out of her head. She wanted to join so badly. Anna didnt know how to break the news to Sophie. She finally did at dinnertime. Sophies parents were stunned too. They tried to talk her out of it but Anna followed what her soul told her to do. The next day Will and Anna went to sign up. The general at the sign up booth was only accepting eight girls to wash and clean. She waited in line for hours. When the general read the names off, she was amazed to hear her name was called. She was so overjoyed she couldnt sleep that ...

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Theory of Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theory of Knowledge - Essay Example An inference to the proven theory is necessary, as it can be used for rectifying the problems in future. Existing knowledge pertains to the unique characteristics of the logic. Knowledge has various instances using which they can be developed. Mathematics and Science are two fields which require proper explanation. Still there exists a doubt whether mathematics is invented or discovered. This needs clear description of mathematical concepts. Discovery is the introduction of a concept which already exists. Invention is finding a theory that does not exist. Bringing a particular concept into existence is known as invention. Mathematical concepts do not depend on a person's belief. It is composed of pure logic and its definition. Each statement needs a proof to make others believe.(Parker 1996). As mathematics is mostly based on theorems, each of them requires a separate logic to prove that the theorem is true. There are specific ideas behind every invention. The process of implying these ideas in the real world concepts play a vital role. Some people believe that mathematics is a discovery. They rely on this by means of Plato. It is a theory that says structures are used to build mathematics. Mathematicians find out the sol ution by using the internal logic. Mathematics comprises statements which are either true or false. Hence this value helps in the further development. The state of mathematics depends on people's perception. Some people think it as an abstraction of the people who derive the formula and its usage. Mathematics is composed of formula using which each concept is described. Each of these concepts has its own theorems and methods to solve a given problem. The aspect defines logic and its evolution. The concepts have some connection with physics. As physics is composed of equations, mathematics helps in solving them. (Piscopo 2009). Mathematics was already in existence. Mathematicians discovered it and its components. There are different qualities which make up mathematics. The person working on it should possess the ability to make use of the existing qualities to find a solution. In the beginning, mathematics was not represented properly. After some decades, numbers were used to represent them. With the use of special symbols the process was made easier, as people found it suitable to be implemented. This seemed to be efficient than the methods that was followed earlier. Humans invented the way to use mathematics and his abilities to improve it took it to a great extent. Mathematics is considered to be tool, using which the calculations are described. It depends on the mathematicians, people believed whatever a mathematician discovered. It is seen as a model, in some case, where this model is used as a base for other concepts to be created. (Faitonah 2008). The debate of whether mathematics was invented or discovered is still going on. Mathematicians have been trying to find an answer for this. There are certain ways to know whether it was invented or discovered. Perception is an important way which differs from person to person. Based on one's perception, the impact of mathematics differs. One person may think mathematics might have been invented, another may think it is discovered. They come to this conclusion, based on their own views and ideas. The way they look at mathematics is different. Here perception acts as a foundation that helps in deciding.

Astrological Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Astrological - Essay Example They are also good story tellers. I think that I am imaginative in a positive way. I am very much interested in riding a horse. Whenever I am free, I look forward to taking a horse ride because it gives me immense pleasure. I enjoy riding a horse because I had always imagined riding a horse from my early childhood. I don’t know it was cartoons or films but I am interested in horse riding from childhood. During horse riding I love to see beautiful sites. This has always been my dream and it has something to do with my astrological sign. Another good example that explains my imaginative power is that I like to try new things very often. I quickly get bore of doing the same thing. For example, I often rearrange of my room after every other month even if it only involves shifting my bed from one side to another. I have different posters set up on my bedroom walls and I keep on changing them as well. I try to make my room look different using my different posters and art work. I of ten am the one who persuade my friends to try out new and different things. Going out to same places very often is boring to me. I keep on planning different picnics and other activities with friends just to keep the spice in my life. For me, different is always better. Another interest of mine is to read short stories. I love to read short stories as they give me great pleasure. I also keep on thinking about writing a short story and think about different topics. These are some of the examples of my imaginative power. The second personality trait of my personality is cleverness. I think I am a clever person because I can pick new things very quickly. I am a fast learner as I quickly apply things that I see around me. I learned how to ride a horse with any major help. Also I prefer going through a website and reading about different things instead of relying on other people. I am also clever in a good way

Is Obama's Health Care Reform Ethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Is Obama's Health Care Reform Ethical - Essay Example A recent study also revealed that in U.S., more than 44,800 excess deaths occur annually that can be associated with lack of insurance (Wilper et. al, 2009). These were the driving factors that led President Barak Obama to sign the new health care reform into law on March 23, 2010. President Obama’s health care reform was developed to achieve the following goals: To expand the population that receives health care coverage Expand the range of health care providers that consumers can choose from Improve access to health care specialists Improve the overall quality of health care services Provide more health care services Decrease the overall cost of health care services The new health care reform is estimated to reduce the number of uninsured in the country from 19% in 2010 to 8% by 2016 (International Insurance News, 2010). The provisions made in the legislation will be implemented in five phases over a period of four years. As I sat down to analyze this health care reform, I f ound that, although there are some important changes made in the reform, there are some disturbing issues as well. In the following pages, I will list the major features of the health care reform and state my position on it. Extend coverage through insurance mandate: The new legislation provides subsidies in insurance premiums and tax credits up to 35% of premiums for small businesses that employ less than 50 people to provide health care benefits. Those people who are not covered under Medicare or employer sponsored insurance will receive assistance through direct subsidies to purchase insurance through a new on-line exchange, an internet state run market place. Although at first glance, this appears to be a good change that should be implemented, there are specific aspects within the reform that is of great concern to me. The new reform supports abortion under health care, thereby directing federal funding towards abortion. Although on March 24th President Obama gave an executive order on abortion, it is insufficient to block federal funding of abortion under health care. Again, on July 29th , after the administration was exposed for having approved such funding in several states, the Obama administration released a regulation stating that elective abortions may not be covered in the high-risk pool programs. Under the new reform, $50 million have been allotted annually for school based health centers which can provide abortion services or contraceptives. Therefore, I feel that this reform is unethical since it promotes abortion and also directs federal money to do so. Guaranteed issue and individual mandate: Under the new law, health insurance will be made available to the 32 million uninsured Americans and insurance companies will be prohibited from denying coverage to people with pre-existing medical conditions. Insurance companies will also not be allowed to impose higher premiums, cost sharing, black-out periods or cancel policies for minor errors in ins urance application. I feel that this aspect of the reform will benefit a majority of the customers whose applications would otherwise be turned down by insurance companie

Historical Account of Strategic Management Essay

Historical Account of Strategic Management - Essay Example Business strategies are quite analogous to military strategies wherein the strategic framework is used to provide a vision and direction to the company for its future. The origins of strategy can be found in the military war rooms where extensive planning and strategising are required for preparing themselves against their enemies so as to gain strategic advantage over their enemies. In the context of business organization strategy formulation essentially implies the fulfilment of similar set of objectives; however the only difference being the fact that the strategy formulation takes place inside business board rooms rather than war rooms and battlefields. Strategies are also essential as they help in generating better co-ordination among the team members within an organization. This is very crucial in order to gain competitive advantage in the turbulent and highly competitive business environment. Some of the characteristics of strategies include the aspect of importance, the range of commitment to the resources of the company and the fact that these strategic decisions are largely irreversible or difficult to revert. Authors have however pointed out that the difference of principles between the military and business organizations has perhaps led to the very absence of any general theory on strategy. The present study would try to analyse the basis of business strategy including analysing the origins and the historical background of business strategy. It would also include a comparison of various schools of thought on the aspect of strategic management that is being used by business organizations to gain organizational excellence and generate competitive advantage in the market. Historical Perspective of Strategic Management Strategic management has its roots based in strategy, this term ‘strategy’ has its origins in ancient Greece from the Greek word named ‘strategia’ that in general implies and means general ship. The aspect of str ategy comes from the aspect of ‘army’ and ‘leading’. The first recorded writing about strategy dates back to 500 BC to a work named the ‘Art of War’ written by Sun Tzu. The earlier research on strategy was limited to analysing military strategies. However with competition emerging immensely in the business markets, the aspect of strategy is business has gained prominence amongst researchers (Grant, 2005, p.14). However the aspect of business strategy gained populace among the researchers in the last 20 years where a number of strategic thoughts in business have come up widely. Authors like Porter, Mintzberg and some others have stated strategy as a top level decision making concept that is associated with the management of an entire organization. All these authors have essentially stated that strategy is a managerial aspect and involves the top management in an organization. These views have been severely criticised by authors like Camerer, Eve red, Keichel, Mitroff, Manson, Tinker and Lowe (1984). These authors have slammed the managerial orientation of the topic of strategy and have stated this school of thought as ‘atheoritical’. They have also stated that the views of Porter and others are largely jargon based and largely derived out of commonsense (Srivastava, 1986, p.363). Authors like Ackoff, Ansoff and others have stated that the present literature on strategic managem

Astrological Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Astrological - Essay Example They are also good story tellers. I think that I am imaginative in a positive way. I am very much interested in riding a horse. Whenever I am free, I look forward to taking a horse ride because it gives me immense pleasure. I enjoy riding a horse because I had always imagined riding a horse from my early childhood. I don’t know it was cartoons or films but I am interested in horse riding from childhood. During horse riding I love to see beautiful sites. This has always been my dream and it has something to do with my astrological sign. Another good example that explains my imaginative power is that I like to try new things very often. I quickly get bore of doing the same thing. For example, I often rearrange of my room after every other month even if it only involves shifting my bed from one side to another. I have different posters set up on my bedroom walls and I keep on changing them as well. I try to make my room look different using my different posters and art work. I of ten am the one who persuade my friends to try out new and different things. Going out to same places very often is boring to me. I keep on planning different picnics and other activities with friends just to keep the spice in my life. For me, different is always better. Another interest of mine is to read short stories. I love to read short stories as they give me great pleasure. I also keep on thinking about writing a short story and think about different topics. These are some of the examples of my imaginative power. The second personality trait of my personality is cleverness. I think I am a clever person because I can pick new things very quickly. I am a fast learner as I quickly apply things that I see around me. I learned how to ride a horse with any major help. Also I prefer going through a website and reading about different things instead of relying on other people. I am also clever in a good way

Historical Account of Strategic Management Essay

Historical Account of Strategic Management - Essay Example Business strategies are quite analogous to military strategies wherein the strategic framework is used to provide a vision and direction to the company for its future. The origins of strategy can be found in the military war rooms where extensive planning and strategising are required for preparing themselves against their enemies so as to gain strategic advantage over their enemies. In the context of business organization strategy formulation essentially implies the fulfilment of similar set of objectives; however the only difference being the fact that the strategy formulation takes place inside business board rooms rather than war rooms and battlefields. Strategies are also essential as they help in generating better co-ordination among the team members within an organization. This is very crucial in order to gain competitive advantage in the turbulent and highly competitive business environment. Some of the characteristics of strategies include the aspect of importance, the range of commitment to the resources of the company and the fact that these strategic decisions are largely irreversible or difficult to revert. Authors have however pointed out that the difference of principles between the military and business organizations has perhaps led to the very absence of any general theory on strategy. The present study would try to analyse the basis of business strategy including analysing the origins and the historical background of business strategy. It would also include a comparison of various schools of thought on the aspect of strategic management that is being used by business organizations to gain organizational excellence and generate competitive advantage in the market. Historical Perspective of Strategic Management Strategic management has its roots based in strategy, this term ‘strategy’ has its origins in ancient Greece from the Greek word named ‘strategia’ that in general implies and means general ship. The aspect of str ategy comes from the aspect of ‘army’ and ‘leading’. The first recorded writing about strategy dates back to 500 BC to a work named the ‘Art of War’ written by Sun Tzu. The earlier research on strategy was limited to analysing military strategies. However with competition emerging immensely in the business markets, the aspect of strategy is business has gained prominence amongst researchers (Grant, 2005, p.14). However the aspect of business strategy gained populace among the researchers in the last 20 years where a number of strategic thoughts in business have come up widely. Authors like Porter, Mintzberg and some others have stated strategy as a top level decision making concept that is associated with the management of an entire organization. All these authors have essentially stated that strategy is a managerial aspect and involves the top management in an organization. These views have been severely criticised by authors like Camerer, Eve red, Keichel, Mitroff, Manson, Tinker and Lowe (1984). These authors have slammed the managerial orientation of the topic of strategy and have stated this school of thought as ‘atheoritical’. They have also stated that the views of Porter and others are largely jargon based and largely derived out of commonsense (Srivastava, 1986, p.363). Authors like Ackoff, Ansoff and others have stated that the present literature on strategic managem

Trade Liberalization in China and Brazil Essay Example for Free

Trade Liberalization in China and Brazil Essay Debt crises and financial stability problems had been the major causes why some countries resort into imposing new economic programs such as implementing free trade which is also called trade liberalization. To lessen the limitations of a country on trade industries they have established has been the main point of the process called trade liberalization (Biz/ed, 2007).   Through this process, tariffs or the fee that the government charges to every importer of foreign goods, as well as trade barriers are reduced in order to allow more foreign investments on a country’s economy.   Ã‚   Through this, the host country would have the privilege of acquiring imported products with a lower price.   However, domestic and national industries are also protected and looked after from competitors such as foreign producers through protectionism.   In this way, local industries are protected through tariffs, other non-tariff barriers and quotas. The price of imported goods is increased by tariffs, which make the entry of foreign business competitors a difficult and expensive task.   Aside from tariffs, governments have also devised other ways of protecting their local market, calling these methods as non-tariff barriers.   One kind of a non-tariff barrier are quotas.   These are restrictive and protective moves of nations or local governments against the entry of foreign goods into their local market (Biz/ed, 2007). It would be beneficial, for the academe and all the economy governing bodies in the world to know how a modern economic policy, more specifically the economic trade liberalization policy, affects a previously existing economic body.   Not only would it help the academe and the governing bodies understand the policy even more, but would also make them realize how these policies affect the economy in various levels, both in the macro and microeconomic level. This paper would focus in the trade liberalization policy and how it affects a particular country, or in this case would be called an economic body.   This paper would not be able to mention all the countries that are presently implementing the economic free trade policy, because of practical reasons, so the researcher had resorted into using two well-known countries from two different continents to show how the aforementioned economic policy affects different economic bodies in different geographical and cultural contexts. This paper would not focus on developed countries because it would just defeat the objective of knowing how this said policy would affect those countries that have implemented it because of their need to use it as a means of increasing their economic, and eventually their political power in the international arena.   The two countries to be used as points of comparison, would be China, which is found in East Asia, and Brazil, which is found in the continent of South America. China is one of the most well-known countries when it comes in business.   Historically, it has been one of the world’s greatest political powers, even before the time when the Europeans set out into the unknown.   It has been economically active by trading goods such as garments, oil, spices and jewelries with its Asian neighbors such as the Philippines, Japan, Malaysia, and other more, even before the age when the Europeans discovered the different lands in the region. In the recent past, China had become less economically active because of its experiences of that lead to the minimal decrease of its political power in the international arena.   But today, because of its social, political and economic policies, it is slowly rising back to the top of the list of political and economic powers.   In this country, retailing has grown and underwent rapid changes over the years. And this retail process has played an important role when it comes to food production and/ or selling of food in their culture. China, being the world’s most populated country, having more or less 1.3 billion in population, tried to utilize this kind of capital.   Because they have a very large pool where they can get manpower, they have used this to use labor to their advantage.   Because of the lesser need to use machinery, compared to other countries, they have succeeded in lowering the market prices of the goods they have produced in dramatic rates.   They also used their manpower as their source of political power. But then, people in China are more likely to be savers than spenders and so, their market is steered by the price of their goods.   The price of every local product is where the imported goods have a hard time competing with because the imported products are much expensive than the other (Moustakerski, 2002).   This is because the price of imported goods considers the price of tariffs paid. In addition, China has also signed significant trade treaties under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).   GATS is one of those contracts or agreements that include rules on investments in services and trade.   It covers services such as water delivery, health care, postal delivery, tourism, road building, municipal services, education and insurance.   The scope and range of GATS is broad and covers the regulation of government with regards to trade and services as well as government services in all levels (Glossary of International Trade Terms). These commitments include distribution services, tourism, telecommunications, banking, insurance, audiovisual and professional services.   Agreements regarding the distribution of goods and services are important, basically for merchandise trades since this kind of commitment would help prevent economic barriers from emerging through the control of distribution (Ianchovichina, Martin and Wood, 2000).   Also, with these, the process of trade becomes quite more complicated.   Again, these commitments entail changes and processes that may be difficult for some foreign country to get into another country and share their products to possible consumers. The commitments concerning the financial services modes may differ across countries and can also change over time.   These may include the following (Kono, et al., 1997): All measures on liberalization should be equal among World Trade Organization (WTO) members The members of WTO can not discriminate foreign and domestic firms, except when it is clearly said at the time by which it joined the GATS. Domestic policies must be available as well as unrestricted to everyone. Continuous process of liberalization or by which affiliated territories be in agreement enhancing the liberalized sectors and reduce exceptions within sectors in such a way that they commit to negotiating rounds in the future. Harmed countries can give authorization against the disturbing or violating country. Despite these, there are also important exceptions that should be taken note of: The different programs of the principal bank and / or other systems associated with the government that transmits money along with policies on convertibility that are not included in the GATS. Economical construct is also not liable to GATS and it is created for making sure governments of the host country may protect their local financial system as well as their participants through the application of prudential standards of the host country. The said measures do not necessarily comply with pledges of the right to use markets, national treatment as well as the preferred responsibility of a nation (Key, 2003). Other government relations that are not related to prudential measures are also exempted from GATS commitments except when they disobey necessary obligations (Kono, et al., 1997). Considering the different limitations, restrictions and qualifications on trading, selling and importing food made from foreign countries has been even more complicated.   The country’s infrastructure and legal systems are underdeveloped and the law or enforcement is often inconsistent and biased.   Thus, corruption among the people and protectionism of the locals has remained to be problems (Moustakerski, 2002). China’s share on exports have consist goods in which the country did not like in relation to their advantage in production.   Hence, the producers of goods that are exported had no economic incentives in order to broaden their international sales.   Also, with that, the ability of China to invest on imports that may involve technology which could have contributed to the country’s economic expansion and growth productivity has been impaired (Lardy, 2003). Considering China’s integration in the global economy and its progressive recognition of the principles of marketing has been encouraged by the United States economic and political engagement.   These developments helped relations grew deeper between the two countries – United States and China.   But these two countries have also caused friction between their relationships. In any case, the relationship between the countries has become essential to the countries’ economy.   Thus, China’s economy has grown closely to investment regimes and open trades of the world’s major economies.   Also, the gross domestic product (GDP) of China accounts 40 percent of their exports and so, the country has depended on its export sector’s growth to stimulate their economy’s modernization as well as to support and improve their standards of living (U.S. China Trade and Relations. 2006). The gross domestic product or (GDP) is the annual total value of services and goods by a certain nation and does not include the net factor income from abroad (overseas investments and interest and / or profits and the wages of workers. GDP is also an indicator of the economy’s status and includes the government purchases as well as total value of the country’s export and investments in the United States.   As what was aforementioned in this paper, countries that undergo economic crises make some alternative ways of coping with their problem, such as what happened with most Latin American countries in the early 1980’s. Most Latin American countries had resorted into having economic changes after they had experienced such problems, but Brazil was one of the latest countries to join the trend of making its national market a free market.     Just like in the case of China and the other countries that are practicing free trade, Brazil has been experiencing many large scope changes since the first time it practiced the said trade policy. With the start of the late eighties to the early nineties, there arose some issues in the political and economic arena about the consequences of the new economic policy.   Trade liberalization had three major environmental effects on Brazil, and on the other countries as well, namely; the scale effect, the composition effect and the technological effect (Antweiller and Copeland, 1998). The first one, the scale effect according to Antweiler (1998), â€Å"measures the increase of pollution generated if the economy were simply scaled up, holding constant the mix of goods produced and the production techniques.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This simply means that the increase or decrease of the amount of pollution produced by a certain economic body can be determined by the economy itself, depending on its course, whether it is scaling up or down. Just like in the case of Brazil, which is one large economic body that is in its course of upscaling its economy, it does not experience radical and abrupt changes in the rate of production of its goods and the techniques of production it has.   However, because of the fact that it had implemented free trade, its economy would be stronger than before, or in other terms scaled up, and also because of that, it would tend to be more polluted at the same time. The composition effect is another environmental effect that can be observed in Brazil.   This effect means that when the economic state of a certain country, as well as the emission intensities at a constant level, then that particular economy would tend to allocate more of its resources to the production of possible pollutants, consequently polluting the environment more. Brazil has an economy that is technically and relatively not scaling up, and the rate of the production of pollutants just stays the same.   Because of this, they are forced to allot more and more of their resources into producing more goods that they have to export like sugar.   This economic move thus increases the scale in which they have to produce the goods, which in turn increases the amount of pollutants produced by the manufacturing and the processing of these goods. And the last one is the technological effect, or what Antweiler (1998) calls the technique effect, claims that when everything else was held constant (emission intensity, mix of goods produced, production techniques, and the scale of economy), a possible increase in the intensity of the emissions would tend to heighten pollution levels.     In connection with the previous effects, and in connection with logic, the more pollutants an economic body produces, the more polluted it gets.   Because of free trade, more imported goods will come into the country.   Without even producing and manufacturing vehicles, one country can acquire a large quantity of those by free trade.   Also, they can acquire these vehicles even without increasing their economy.   And as everybody knows, vehicles that use gasoline and crude oil as their main fuel produce pollutants, because of this, it may become one way of increasing the pollution in that economic body. These three effects are good observations by Antweiler, because these seem to summarize, and in a way quantify some of the effects of the phenomenon of free trading, especially in those countries that had only resorted to the economic policy because of the immediate need to rise from their economic troubles.   Also, these effects can be used to describe and predict the possible effects of free trade policies on a particular economic body. It is known that Brazil is a major sugarcane producing country, having produced 1,324 million metric tons in 2004 (Earley and Earley, 2006).   It also came to a time that it dominated the sugar production in the world in 2004 and 2005.   It had also dominated in the exportation of these sugar products, even leading over the US, Australia and Thailand. According to one policy analyst, who focused on the liberalization of agriculture, the implementation of the trade liberalization as a structural adjustment program had been ideally conceptualized so the lives of the Brazilians would be improved both politically and economically.   But instead of doing what it was supposed to do, according to his analysis, the economic reform program had worsened the case, because not only did it make the poor poorer and the rich richer, it also â€Å"redressed† (according to the author) and widened the inequality between social groups (Cassel and Patel, 2003). Considering the Brazil’s relationship with other countries, it has established connection with that of the United States of America when it comes to ethanol production. The world’s production of ethanol has strongly grown because of the worldwide oil prices increase and thus, ethanol is being considered as one of the alternative fuels (Earley and Earley, 2006). As what was mentioned earlier in the paper, Brazil is among leading sugar producing countries in the world, mainly because it has acres of land area to use for planting sugarcane.   Ethanol can be made by using sugarcane juice, and then by fermentation, distillation, and dehydration of the end product, which is ethanol or E-85. A large number of vehicles in Brazil are now using ethanol as their main fuel.   Ethanol has also become a major fuel in the said country, providing almost 18% of the total amount of vehicle fuel.   Because of this, they have become the world’s leading producer of ethanol producer back in 2005 (Ethanol Fuel, 2007). The policies as a result of both international and national efforts to prevent and reduce greenhouse gas emissions had also increased interest in using such fuel and so, authorization on the use of ethanol helps the industry of the country grow.   Also, because trade liberalization means more products would come in, which would also mean that products would need to be transported from one point to another by means of a particular kind of highly durable and highly powerful vehicles.   And because these vehicles need to have more power, they utilize fossil fuel products as their source of power, which would eventually add up to the pollution problem of the economic body. A study with regards to Brazil has found out that, the country’s trade liberalization had an effect on employment rates. It was noted that there has been a negative effect wherein there has been a decrease in employment in different capital-intensive industries as well as a decrease on the labor-intensive industries in the country. There are some who claim that the decrease in employment is not necessarily attributed to the country’s trade liberalization because the trade reforms has been passed and implemented on a macroeconomic environment which was characterized by recessionary conditions and high inflation rates (Mesquita Najberg, 2000). But looking back at the basics, employment can be and is directly affected by the particular economic body’s economic status at a given time.   Because of this, the aforementioned claim may not be telling what really is happening, but only what is ideally to happen. Considering the stated information above, it can be inferred that China and Brazil both differ in ways of how they manipulate their trade systems in order to increase their economy and be known to their respective fields of interest and products.   Simply, the two countries aim to improve their economy and be able to increase their economy’s status in such a way that they would be able to have connections or be in association with other countries. Also, it may be good to hypothesize that trade liberalization can help an economic body only in the macroeconomic level, but it can also negatively affect the economy in the microlevel in the same time.   It can also be hypothesized that economic trade liberalization policies only serve the benefit of those countries that already have the economic advantage at the first place, because they already have the means of being the first ones to do trade with the countries that implement the economic policy. And last, another hypothesis that can be drawn from the previous premises is that free trade can be one of the modern economic policies that may endanger the previously existing local industries in a country, because it only gives the people more choices in the market, which would mean, greater diffusion and lesser concentration of the choice of goods sold in the market. References Antweiller. W., Copeland. B.R.   and Taylor. M.S. (1998). â€Å"Is free trade good for the environment?†. NBER working paper. Biz/ed. (2007). Trade Liberalisation: A Means of Promoting Growth in Developing Countries? – Activity. Retrieved, July 17, 2007, from http://www.bized.co.uk/educators/16-19/economics/international/activity/liberalisation1.htm. Cassel, A and Patel, R. PhD.   (2003).   Agricultural Trade Liberalization and Brazil’s Rural Poor.   Institute for Food and Development Policy/Food First. Earley, J. and Earley, T.   (2006).   Specific Environmental Effectsof Trade Liberalization: Sugar.   International Policy Council. Ethanol Fuel (2007).   Wikipedia.   Retrieved july 19, 2007 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel#Production_Process. Glossary of International Trade Terms.   Retrieved July 18, 2007 from http://www.afsc.org/trade-matters/learn-about/glossary.htm#wto. Ianchovichina, E., Martin, W. and Wood, C. (2000). ‘Effects of the Vietnam- US bilateral trade agreement’, Mimeo, World Bank. Key, S. J., (2003), The Doha Round and Financial Services Negotiations, (Washington DC: The American Enterprise Institute Press). Kono, M. and L. Schuknecht, (2000), â€Å"How Does Financial Services Trade Affect Capital Flows and Financial Stability,† in Internationalization of Financial Services ed. by S. Claessens and M. Jansen, (London) Kluwer Law International, pp139-176. Lardy, N.   (2003). Trade Liberalization and Its Role in Chinese Economic Growth. Prepared for an International Monetary Fund and National Council of Applied Economic Research Conference A Tale of Two Giants: Indias and Chinas Experience with Reform and Growth. New Delhi. Mesquita, M. and Najberg, S. (2000). Trade Liberalization in Brazil: Creating or exporting jobs?. Journal of Development Studies. Moustakerski, P. (2002). The effect of trade liberalization on China’s retail sector. Retrieved, July 17, 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3723/is_3_14/ai_84879835. Trade Liberalization and Employment (2001).   International Labor Office.   Geneva.   282nd Session. U.S.-China Trade Relations: Entering a New Phase of Greater Accountability and Enforcement. (2006). United States Trade Representative