Growth And Evolution Of Petroleum Industry In India Commerce Essay

Development And Evolution Of Petroleum Industry In India Commerce Essay The MBA modified furnishes understudy with a major information on business and authoritative capacities and exercises just as an introduction to vital considering the executives. As a piece of the educational plan we have arranged a far reaching venture report on oil industry. The hypothetical information is utilized just when are apply in our pragmatic investigation. This report contains a brief about the oil business assuming an imperative job in the development of Indian economy. The entire venture was cultivated in extremely methodical way beginning from assortment of data through visiting different sites, books, magazines and so on and than investigations it in an appropriate and reasonable manner. This report expects to give data with respect to the present situation of oil industry in India. Its development, difficulties and issues in exceptionally serious market by embracing advancement and globalization polices which are influencing the Indian economy especially in oil division. Affirmation We might want to thank all the individuals who have helped us for making this task conceivable. Right off the bat we might want to value the custom of our establishment, J.H.P.C.M.T which energizes such exercises. We might likewise want to express gratitude toward Dr. M.R.Parekh chief of J.H.PATEL COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY for giving assistance at whatever point required. We appreciative affirmations the worth direction and valuable recommendation offered by our workforce manage Miss Jenita Patel. At last we additionally appreciative every one of our companions to helped us legitimately and by implication in our task. We have additionally given with our most ideal exertion to finish the task. Assertion We Thakkar Nikita, Makwana Snehal thusly proclaim that the COMPREHENSIVE PROJECT REPORT entitled Petroleum Industry in is our very own consequence work and our obligation to other work distributions, references, assuming any, have been properly recognized. Spot: (Signature) Date: (Name of Student) Official SUMMARY The task titled as Petroleum Industry has been embraced with a target of dissecting the financial development in the india advertise its job for the advancement of the nation. It speaks to Indias vitality needs and is the most significant open just as private undertaking. As an aggregate consequence of private part and open segment treatment facility interests in the recentpast, India will get referred to by 2012 as Asias biggest refined item exporter, outperforming Singapore. India will remain one of Asias two biggest refined item exporters for the foreseen future. India is out of nowhere become a worldwide oil delivering focus in light of having expanding the profundity of item streams and reinforcing flexibly chains particularly clean vehicle energizes and for top of the line modern item. It likewise have expansive ramifications for local item advertises. The matter of Indias huge scope send out arranged refining division denotes the expansion of pace of an essential move in the plan of worldwide refining wherein developing economies progressively look to creation center points in Asia and the Middle East to flexibly gradual refined item request. Development and Evolution of Petroleum Industry in India The oil business is incorporate the worldwide procedures of extraction, investigation, refining, moving (regularly by pipelines and oil big haulers), and advertising oil based commodities. The biggest volume results of the business are gas (petroleum) and fuel oil. (Oil) is additionally the crude material for some, synthetic items, including solvents, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, manures, and plastics. The inception of the Indian oil gas industry can be followed back to the late nineteenth century, when oil was first struck at Digboi in Assam in 1889.In perspective on the criticalness of the gas oil area for by and large monetary development, the Government of India declared in1954 that oil would be the center part industry. 1954, oil investigation creation action was constrained by the administration possessed National Oil Companies (NOCs), in particular Oil India Private Ltd (OIL) and Oil Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC).Indias refining limit has more than trebled over the most recent 13 years. Dependence Industry is the main processing plant industry in Jamnagar in 1999, India has an introduced limit of around 193.5 million tpa in April, 2011. The development is probably going to proceed with refining limits expected to contact 255 million tpa by 2012-13 and 302 million tpa by 2017-18, with a large number of undertakings declared by both the private and open area. Today, private segment represents 76.5 million tpa (around 39.5 percent) and open area oil organizations represent near 117 million tpa (around 60.5 percent). There has been a solid development in Indias oil refining limit over the most recent five years, is as depicted by the given table beneath:- Residential unrefined petroleum creation [million tpa] 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 (Temporary) Absolute utilization 113.2 120.7 128.9 133.6 138.2 Items from indigenous unrefined 26.6 28.4 28.2 27.0 27.2 Indigenous unrefined handling 28.3 30.2 30.0 28.8 28.9 Items from fractionators 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.4 Complete indigenous creation 30.8 32.4 32.3 31.2 31.6 Import reliance (%) 72.8 73.2 75.0 76.7 77.2 Independence (%) 27.2 27.0 25.0 23.3 22.8 The limit usage of Indian purifiers throughout the previous scarcely any years is portrayed in the table. Indian purifiers have likewise worked at higher working rates or limit use contrasted with their local/worldwide friends suggesting effectiveness in activities. Yet, import of Indias refining industry is developing, as the household raw petroleum creation is steady at around 30 million tpa throughout the previous not many years. By and large, GDP development rates and oil based good utilization are connected. In any case, for our situation, factors like accessibility of better streets, more eco-friendly vehicles, enhancements in mass urban vehicle modes and expanded accessibility of flammable gas for mechanical segment added to progressively direct development as of late. Indian treatment facilities are timing higher Gross Refining Margins contrasted with territorial benchmarks a reasonable sign for seriousness in refining tasks. On the off chance that all the arranged activities appear, India will have an exportable overflow oil based good of around 100 million tpa by 2012 and 140 million. Item profile This segment gives a concise depiction of the innovation and creation process. A comprehension of these issues is basic as it comprehends industry structure. Unrefined petroleum is a fluid blend of hydrocarbons synthetic mixes comprising generally of six pieces of carbon and one of hydrogen, the two of which are energizes; it for the most part additionally conveys little amounts of salts sulfur, oxygen, metals and nitrogen. The key items acquired from the unrefined petroleum are:- Petroleum:- Petroleum is utilized to fuel inner ignition motors, for the most part vehicular. It is early use as an enemy of lice and their eggs has totally vanished. Melted oil gas (LPG):- LPG is for the most part a blend of propane and butane. It is heavier than air, and melts under tension. It is utilized as a family cooking fuel, vehicular fuel and refrigerant; 4 million vehicles are assessed to be controlled by LPG on the planet. Lamp fuel:- Lamp fuel is otherwise called paraffin, is utilized as an illuminant and cooking fuel in India and other poor nations, and as a space warming fuel in modern nations. Stream fuel:- It is utilized in stream planes, is intently much the same as lamp oil. Naphtha:- Naphtha is utilized to make added substances for high-octane petroleum, and to make polymeric plastics and urea, a nitrogenous compost. Greasing up oil:- It is comprises of oils and gooey oils used to grease up moving parts in cars, industry, railroad motors and carriages and marine motors. Oil coke:- It is generally utilized as fuel, but at the same time is utilized to make dry cell batteries and cathodes. Fast diesel oil:- It is utilized in motors running at 750 cycles for every moment (rpm) or more. It is for the most part utilized in diesel-fueled vehicles. Light diesel:- It is utilized in the diesel motors running at lower speed for the most part water system siphons and age sets. Heater oil:- It is made by weakening leftover fuel oil from refining with center distillates, for example, diesel oil. It is utilized in dugouts, boilers, heaters, warmers, or as manure feedstock. Request assurance of the Industry Oil industry in the nation has experienced significant change in the previous quite a while. The nation is currently net exporter of oil based goods. Globalization of Indian economy alongside high worldwide oil costs which are a go through in the mass division has initiated improvement in vitality effectiveness and move of interest from fluid to flammable gas (LNG). Further, improvement in street framework and better vehicles has soberingly affected the interest for street transportation energizes. Low interest in transport fills like HSD and MS is likewise because of components like extension of city gas dispersion systems for example CNG. Request assurance factors:- The Demand assurance factors depend on for the most part two methodologies. Top-down Approach and Bottom-up Approach. Top-down Approach: Overall vitality necessities with portion of various powers in the essential business vitality container by connecting GDP with vitality versatility. Base up Approach: End use approach thinking about the effect of various parameters. While surveying the prerequisites factors like effect of Metro rail, CNG development, effect of high oil costs, preservation/effectiveness improvement issues, flying strategy of the Government, Railways cargo approach, development of traveler and load traffic, armada extension plan of carriers, National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) street development ventures, development of cargo passage, charge plans of railroad tracks vehicle populace development, effect of gas, mechanical upgrades in engin

Legal Method Skills & Reasoning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lawful Method Skills and Reasoning - Coursework Example Subsequently, her application for audit of CICA’s choice by the First Tier Tribunal - Social Entitlement Chamber, and the choice held by the Upper Tribunal - Administrative Appeals Chamber is declined in light of the fact that, CICA’s choice was in similarity with the necessities of s.20 of the Offenses Against the Person Act 18612. There are, along these lines, three chief issues under the steady gaze of the Court of Appeal. The main issue is a translation of s.20 of the Offenses Against the Person Act 18613. The subsequent issue is the assurance of whether mental disease may comprise substantially hurt inside the importance of the area 20 and segment 474. The third issue is for the court to choose whether, with the arrangements of The Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme 2001, mental ailment is deemed a psychological physical issue and whether Petal’s injury fall under the capabilities of mental for which grant of remuneration was warranted5. In giving its j udgment, CICA expressed â€Å"Petal’s application for pay is declined on the grounds that that her physical issue was not owing to a ‘crime of violence’ and, regardless, her physical issue was not a psychological injury for which pay could be paid.† Facts The realities of Petal’s case are very much set out in the detailed judgment of CICA; in this way, I would just offer a brief and short portrayal of the realities. Orlando Fiction and Petal Agatha Scissor, a multi year old understudy at UEA, met through a web based dating administration. They began dating and before long were engaged with a sexual experience, had unprotected sex-without a condom-, on their absolute first date. At that point, Petal nothing about her accomplice, just that he had working in South Africa and had recently come back to England. Orlando Fiction and Petal Agatha Scissor had numerous, visit unprotected. Orlando, months after the fact, passed on in a street mishap. Through O rlando’s mother-who she met at Orlando’s burial service Petal discovered that Orlando had been HIV positive and was not under antiretroviral drugs. Following a half year of clinical tests, it was definitively confirmed that Petal was not HIV tainted. This experience brought about Petal experiencing post-horrendous pressure issue, which got extreme and inevitably she wound up in a mental medical clinic. On a solicitor’s guidance, she applied for remuneration from the Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority based on the arrangements under the Compensation Scheme 20016. Her application was rejected on the premise that her physical issue were not because of a wrongdoing of violence7 and that her mental ailment didn't establish a psychological physical issue for which remuneration is warranted8. She later advanced against this choice to the First Tier Tribunal contending that Orlando had submitted an offense under s.20 of the Offenses Against the Person Act 1861; th is intrigue was, in any case, excused, with the council maintaining CICA’s choice stating that, Petal’

How to Avoid Aggressive Communication If You Have SAD

How to Avoid Aggressive Communication If You Have SAD Social Anxiety Disorder Symptoms Print Aggressive Communication and Social Anxiety Disorder By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 29, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 31, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Greta Marie / Getty Images Aggressive communication is  a method of expressing needs and desires that does not take in to account the welfare of others. A harmful communication style, aggressive communication can end up worsening social anxiety by making others view you more harshly. In turn, this can lower your self-esteem as you worry you are being judged negatively by those around you.?? If you have  social anxiety, you may have suppressed your own needs for so long that you end up resorting to aggressive communication. Learning how to be assertive will help you to better manage your emotions so that they dont reach a boiling point. What Is Aggressive Communication? During aggressive communication, you stand up for yourself in a way that is  inappropriate and may violate the rights of others.?? You may find that people seem exhausted, overwhelmed or drained after talking with you when you are in an aggressive state. Some people also establish their superiority through aggressive communication by putting  others down. Verbal characteristics of aggressive communication include sarcasm, a harsh tone of voice and condescending statements like How could you think that was a good idea? orDont be stupid. Nonverbal cues of aggressive communication include Intruding into someones personal spaceAggressive gestures like pointing or clenched fistsSneering and smirking?? Whereas assertive communication has a goal of meeting the needs of others and yourself, aggressive communication serves no purpose other than to vent frustrations and hurt others. When you communicate in this way, you are not seeking a solutionâ€"rather you are letting your emotions get the best of you. Why Its Harmful In the moment, aggressive communication can feel very satisfying, particularly if you have social anxiety and are used to not speaking up. You may get your way by bullying others and it may give you a sense of power and control. If you lack this feeling in your life, you may become addicted to it through aggressive communication.?? However, aggressive communication is likely to result  in the development of enemies and hurt relationships with loved ones.?? After you have hurt someone you care about, you may feel shame or guilt.?? This can also inhibit your social skills and make future social situations much more difficult for you. In this way, communicating aggressively becomes a vicious cycle from which you cannot escape.?? Finding Better Ways to Communicate Rather than depending on the anger and bluster of aggressive communication, many people with social anxiety find it beneficial to learn assertive communication skills.?? In assertive communication, you convey your needs openly and honestly, without impeding the needs of others. Instead of a harsh tone and aggressive gestures, verbal characteristics of assertive communication include?? A firm but relaxed toneThe use of I statements like, I was hurt when you ignored me. Assertive communication respects personal space and does not involve yelling or intimidation. You are seeking to have others understand your needs so that they can be met, as well as learning of the needs of others so that you can help them as well. During assertive communication, you listen respectfully to truly hear the other person. The more you stand up for yourself without harming others in the process??, the more your self-esteem will grow. With social anxiety, its common to let anger build up.?? But with assertive communication, you address things calmly in the moment so that resentment does not develop. A Word From Verywell Learning to progress from aggressive communication to assertive communication can be a difficult process. Many with social anxiety find that a skilled therapist with experience in anxiety disorders can be a huge help.?? Your healthcare provider can help you identify situations in which you rely on aggressiveness and will help you develop strategies to combat the desire to respond aggressively. Together, you will work on developing assertive communication skills and will practice different situations so you are prepared to handle them appropriately. Over time, you will be able to assert yourself firmly but responsibly, without harming others through force or intimidation. This can be a major step forward in your social anxiety treatment plan.

Essay on The Dangers of Cosmetic Surgery - 1084 Words

Society has indoctrinated men and women to believe that in order to be considered â€Å"beautiful† you must look like the images on television, billboards, and magazines. C. Credibility: Since one of my friends has undergone cosmetic surgery, and I have heard numerous of stories about cosmetic surgery I feel prepared to speak about the issue. D. Propositional Statement: Cosmetic Surgery remains a problem in society because it carries a degree of risk such as psychological illness and severe side effects. I propose that people should take a more naturalistic approach and not consider cosmetic surgery. II. Body A. The first part of the problem is that people who undergo cosmetic surgeries are at higher risk for suffering with psychological†¦show more content†¦These procedures include face lifts, rhinoplasty, liposuction, and male breast reduction (Male plastic surgery, 2013). Men also suffer with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Some of the famous examples that we are familiar with is Michael Jackson, Bruce Jenner, and Justice Jedlice. Transition Statement: Not only is the development of psychological illnesses a major problem, but the severe side effects play a major role as well. B. The second part of the problem is cosmetic surgeries entail risky side effects that people are unaware of. 1. Most people expect cosmetic surgeries to alter and enhance their beauty; however, these surgeries come with severe side effects such as infections, nerve damage and even death. Whenever the skin is broken and foreign objects are inserted into internal tissues one’s body becomes prone to infections (Hamel, 2014). These infections do not only require antibiotic treatment, but could also cause scarring and require additional surgery. According to NBC News, nineteen women were infected with Mycobacterium abscessus after having cosmetic surgery in 2014 (Fox, 2014). They had to acquire weeks of antibiotic treatment because the bacteria resist the effects of medicine (Fox, 2014). 2. Another potentially severe side effect of cosmetic surgery is nerve damage. If a doctor accidently damages a nerve it can cause problems with one’s muscles and partial orShow MoreRelatedThe Dangers Of Cosmetic Surgery1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dangers of Cosmetic Surgery Have you ever thought about getting Cosmetic Surgery? The real question is, is it okay to get this kind of surgery? When do you know what the limit is, when do you stop, when is it okay or not okay? Well, cosmetic surgery is an operation that enhances or alters a part of your body or face that you want changed. If you are considering undergoing an operation, make sure you are aware of what’s involved before proceeding. With more than 55 million cosmetic surgeries inRead MoreTeens Misunderstanding of the Dangers of Cosmetic Surgery556 Words   |  2 PagesIntrodcution Surgery is dangerous! Its causes a lot of deaths, people pop the implants, add a few things to the surgery that was already done and even sometimes want to do the surgery themselves. People do not really think when it comes to cosmetic surgery they just go with what sounds better on their mind. Its most likely a really dangerous thing to do and shouldnt be done on your body. Body Image Teens do not understand how dangerous cosmetic surgery can really be. Before, during andRead MoreThe Side Effects of Cosmetic Surgery1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe Side Effects of Cosmetic Surgery Reading and Writing Level 4 Kirsten Ringstrom April 14, 2009 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 The History of Cosmetic Surgery 3 The Trends of Cosmetic Surgeries 4 The Risks of Cosmetic Surgery 5 Conclusion References Throughout recorded history, a pale complexion has nearly always been more fashionable than a tan complexion because pale skin represents a woman who does not have to labour outdoors. So, most non-white women probably wantedRead MorePlastic Surgery Debate992 Words   |  4 PagesGroup 1 Plastic Surgery I. Introduction Plastic Surgery, or Cosmetic Surgery, is surgery that is unnecessary from a medical perspective, but is carried out to improve appearance. Cosmetic surgery is initiated by an individual who wants to change the physical appearance of a feature. Although in many cases their physical appearance is normal, they may wish to change the size of their breasts or the shape of their nose. An individual may also use cosmetic surgery to change disfigured body partsRead MoreEssay on The Harmuful Effects of Plastic Surgery862 Words   |  4 Pagessignificant pressure on the physical attributes of adolescents and adults, cosmetic treatments are being performed and considered at an all-time high with patients complying with the potential harmful and fatal consequences. 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Cosmetic surgery can be very risky and dangerous if you are not aware of the outcomes. If you are thinking of going through a procedures you need to do a lot of research of what the pros and cons of the procedure you are about to undergo. Cosmetic surgeries are done all over the world and the pricing varies depending on the surgeons, and it can be very expensive. The outcome of the surgery won’t always come to what you wanted but stillRead MoreCosmetic Surgery: A Risky and Costly Procedure1355 Words   |  6 PagesIf one is considering cosmetic surgery I suggest reconsidering. Research shows cosmetic surgery can be a risky and costly procedure. Society is pressuring people to look more attractive. Media shows actors to be flawle ss and the public feels that one should be compared to these actors. Cosmetic surgery is becoming more popular is today’s culture. People are turning to cosmetic surgery for many reasons, some of them are not healthy. Why do people go to such dangerous measures to look more attractiveRead MoreCosmetic Surgery Should Be Banned1167 Words   |  5 Pages‘Cosmetic surgery should be banned.’ Do you have one thing you would like to change about your appearance? I would guess the answer is yes. People nowadays, especially women, are consumed with their appearance. Many strive to conform to what society views as the ‘perfect body image’ and this can make people extremely insecure about the way they look. They think that cosmetic surgery will solve this — it doesn’t. In fact, cosmetic surgery only enhances the need to look beautiful and can lead to manyRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Insight Into The Enslavement1277 Words   |  6 PagesJohanna Bonds Bonds 1 Ms. Homewood Sherlock 11 April 2016 Cosmetic Surgery: Insight into the Enslavement to Looking Perfect In the medical field, cosmetics is the process in which patients undergo surgical and nonsurgical procedures to alter their appearance. Unlike plastic surgeons who are dedicated to helping burn victims and birth disorders etc. Cosmetic surgery is enhancing the appearance of a person. Nonsurgical procedures include; botox, laser hair removal, and surgical procedures

Working Conditions in China Essay - 1903 Words

In America a full time job is a 40 hour week, with time and a half pay for any overtime hours. Our minimum wage in New York State is six dollars an hour, and that is soon to be raised to $6.75 an hour on January 1, 2006. We are provided, for the most part, with healthy and safe working environments. In Chinese society it is nothing like this. Since the difference between the rich and poor is a lot greater in China than it is here, many of the poor jump at the opportunity to work in a factory or sweatshop job. They are very low paying and are not provided with a safe and healthy environment to work in. Often times the terrible environment is accompanied with abuse provided by the managers. It is not getting any better either because†¦show more content†¦This way there is generally no pressure upon the company itself, rather put it on the factory owner and the workers themselves. Also this gives companies a way to distance themselves from what is going on. They do thi s because they know how terrible it is in the factories. Besides Nike, other major companies that opened factories in China are Wal-Mart, Timberland, Huffy, JanSport, and Disney (Dougherty). Low wages are not the only problems with factories in China, in my opinion it is one of the least important topics. The overall treatment of the workers, and the lack of a safe working environment are just terrible. A study was done on a few factories that are producing for the big name companies listed above showed that some workers were working 98 hour weeks (Dougherty). And during those long hours, there are strict rules and regulations which the workers must follow. They are under constant surveillance, under which there are strict no talking rules. If the no talking rule is in effect, which it is in most of these types of factories, workers are fined up to a few dollars for each offense after a warning. To us a few dollar fine isnt that big of a deal, but to them it can be a few days work. Workers in these factories are also subjected to harmful chemicals all day long. A case study at a Timberland factory showed that workers were working in temperatureShow MoreRelated Labor Abuse in China Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesLabor Abuse in China â€Å"Inside the factory, amid clattering machinery and clouds of sawdust, men without earplugs or protective goggles feed wood into screaming electric saws, making cabinets for stereo speakers† (Goodman and Pan 1). In the article Chinese Workers Pay for Wal-Mart’s Low Prices by Peter Goodman and Philip Pan the mistreatment of the migrant workers in China is evident. These kinds of behaviors are taking place all over in China. The abuse of the Chinese work force has reached terribleRead MoreEtch – a – Sketch Ethics1192 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Ohio Art Company to move production to China? 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This has resulted in peasants having insufficient funds to support themselves and making them live in unsanitaryRead MoreImpact Of Globalization In China909 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalizati on is affecting China Labor Watch Is there only a positive impact from Globalization in our world? Globalization is a process that helps businesses and organizations develop international influence throughout the world. Globalization has impacted labor in China in a negative way. This process have created a lot of labor Exploitation in China but not only that, it have also taken the education from a lot of kids in China and it have make workers feel like they have no rights. This processRead MoreThe Ethical And Management Issues1466 Words   |  6 Pagesreport will address the ethical and management issues presented in the case studies Seven Eleven, Are organisation’s exploiting ‘non-employees’ and New and challenging HRM issues in China and India. 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The article stated that one iPod factory, as an example, employed over 200,000 workers who lived and worked in the factory, and regularly performed more than 60 hours of labor per week. The article also reported that workers made around US$100 per month and were required to live on the premises and pay for rent and food

The Importance of Literacy Attainment in Primary Education Free Essays

string(207) " similar in background to those with reading difficulties alone, rather than those with behaviour problems alone, then it is likely that behaviour problems arise in part as a consequence of reading failure\." Why the government are driving to ensure literacy is a main priority, especially reading by six years of age. The importance of this and the effects on the child, parents, teachers and society. Abstract This paper attempts to analyse why the government are working so hard at ensuring all our primary children are reading by the age of six. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Literacy Attainment in Primary Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The importance of this and the effect on children, teachers and society. It is well documented that reading is one of the most important abilities students acquire as they progress through their early school years. It is the foundation for learning across all subjects, it can be used for recreation and for personal growth, and it equips young children with the ability to participate fully in their communities and the larger society (Campbell et al, 2001) We will look at key issues and research which underpin the government literacy policy and ways in which it can be improved in school. In particular we focus on the extensive research between poor literacy attainment and behavioural problems within the primary setting. We trace the early literacy support programmes and how they are practised in the class room setting. We address the theoretical views on how language acquisition and literacy are interwoven. We look at the role of the teacher and school, and how policy and practice can smooth the progress of child literacy attainment by age of 6. Contents Title and Abstracti Chapter 11 Introduction 1 Chapter 22 Literature Review2 Research in to reading difficulties and behavioural problems2 2. 1 How does this affect the individual, parents, teachers and society5 2. 2 What impact does it have on the school6 Chapter 38 Analysis and critique of evidence base8 What challenges does it impose on the teachers nd what effective teaching methods are considered best practice8 3. 1 How does policy compare the theoretical research10 3. 2 Why do other countries not deem early literacy as important as the UK12 Chapter 413 Conclusion13 Chapter 514 Recommendations14 Bibliography15 Appendices19 Chapter 1 Introduction David Cameron’s conservative educational policy put his party on a collision course with the teaching profession, when he announced in November 07 that virtually every child in the country will be expected to read by the age of six under a conservative government. Cameron wants pupils to sit a reading test at the end of year one, and the target will be for all-bar those with serious learning difficulties, to pass. Their policy to scrap the key stage one testing, which was quite controversial, has already been enforced. His policy to concentrate on the absolute foundation stone, which is an ability to read, has yet to be enforced. He wants 90% of our children reading by the age of six, the other 10% with acute special needs will be given additional help (BBC News Nov 2007). It is also been observed that most children will naturally read by the age of six, as they progress though the foundation stage and key stage one. The problem arises with the children that do not progress so easily. At the age of four and five most children are less aware of their peers, they are more interested in their own ability to do. Yet as they turn six their awareness of others and their abilities become more interesting. This in-turn leads to the less gifted children realising that they are not as bright as other children, which can leads to them feeling disheartened and inadequate. Consequently this may lead to the less gifted children giving up and becoming disengaged, which can cause behavioural problems. Therefore if the teacher can help these children early, perhaps the achievement gap will not be so noticeable, therefore prevent further elevation of problems that arise from detachment (Teacher TV 2009). It is though however that at such a young age, this behaviour is more easily managed and can be reversed (Moffitt 2006). Apparently there is a scheme behind David Cameron’s policy. As early prevention may hopefully alleviate the need for expensive intervention later on. Chapter 2 Literature Review Research in to reading difficulties and behavioural problems As it has frequently been observed that reading difficulties are accompanied by behaviour problems ( Berger, Yule Rutter, 1975; Rutter, Tizeird Whitmore, 1970). However, the exact nature of the relationship has been difficult to elucidate. One possibility is that behaviour problems arise as a consequence of the child’s reaction to being a poor reader. An alternative possibility is that the behaviour problems pre-date the reading difficulty and affect the child’s capacity to profit from reading instruction. A third possibility is that behaviour problems are related to reading difficulties because they share a common cause. A likely candidate for such a common cause would be home background. Of course, none of these possibilities are mutually exclusive. All could be partly true, with causal influences operating in both directions between reading difficulties and behaviour problems, as well as coming from home background. Several studies have attempted to sort out these various possibilities. Two major approaches have been employed. The first is to compare children who have both reading difficulties and behaviour problems with children who have reading difficulties alone and with children who have behaviour problems alone. If the children with both reading difficulties and behaviour problems are similar in background to those with reading difficulties alone, rather than those with behaviour problems alone, then it is likely that behaviour problems arise in part as a consequence of reading failure. You read "The Importance of Literacy Attainment in Primary Education" in category "Papers" Conversely, if the children with combined problems are more similar in background to those with behaviour problems, then it seems likely that the behaviour problems are the primary disorder. A number of studies have been reported using this approach with antisocial behaviour problems. Rutter and Yule (1970) studied 9 to 10 year-old children on the Isle of Wight. They found that the children with combined problems were more similar in background to those with reading difficulty alone and concluded that the reading difficulties produced the behaviour problems. Sturge 1982) research with 10 year old children from inner London school found that those with combined problems had background characteristics in between those of the two groups with pure disorders. She concluded that in some cases, behaviour problems might be secondary to reading difficulties, but that this could not be the complete explanation. However, Varlaam (1974) also used inner London children and did find those with com bined problems to be more similar to children with pure reading difficulties. Generically speaking, then, the evidence using this approach has been consistent with the view that behaviour problems arise as a consequence of reading failure. The second approach adopted by researchers on this issue is the longitudinal study. With this approach, children are followed over the first few years of schooling. Those who have developed reading difficulties after this time are then studied to see if their behaviour problems were present before formal reading instructions began or whether they developed only later as a reaction to reading failure. Two studies have used the longitudinal approach. McMichael (1979) assessed Scottish children for behaviour problems and reading readiness at school entry and then two years later assessed reading achievement and behaviour problems. She found that antisocial behaviour problems preceded the later reading difficulties. However, the children with behaviour problems at school entry also had lower reading readiness skills. On the other hand, McMichael found no evidence of an increase in behaviour problems as a consequence of reading failure. Stott (1981), working with Canadian children, followed them over the first three years of schooling. His findings concurred with those of McMichael (1979) in that children who developed reading difficulties were found to have behaviour problems at school entry. Stott attempted to rule out the possibility that home background was a common cause of both behaviour problems and reading difficulties by grouping the children according to living conditions. He concluded that on the whole it was behaviour problems which led to reading difficulties, home background was not ruled out as a contributing factor Moffatt 2006) of Royal Institute of London did an extensive study on twins and genetics relating to poor literacy and behaviour problems in primary. His research was surprising, as his results, found genetics did not explain it. He feels it’s an environmental process, such as what goes on in the classroom, and this is important because it can be changed. His researchers say their fi ndings indicate that academic intervention can have a positive effect on behaviour. Programmes that target either reading problems or behaviour problems during the pre-school and early primary school years are likely to produce changes in both areas, the research concludes. 2. 1 How does this affect the individual, parents, teachers and society There is a strong link to literacy attainment and confidence levels with regards to socio-economic advantaged children. The facilitation of these opportunities in the home (quiet reading environments, encouragement to read as a leisure activity, having plenty of books readily available, all enhance the development. The negative effects of reading problems are also well documented (Harris Sipay, 1990). There is evidence that reading disability is associated with social, economic, and psychological problems. The Green Paper,’ Excellence for all children, meeting the special educational needs’(DfEE 1997), acknowledged the Literacy task force recommendations for developing strategies to enable parents and schools to work together in supporting the literacy achievement for children with SEN’ (DfEE 1997, section 13, p 15). With this in mind it is important that the teacher offers practical advice and methods of intervention to the parents. The effects of good prevention and early intervention, along with effective parenting support will help reduce the risk of antisocial behaviour later on (Rutter 1979 and Epstein 1986). By working with the parents, the teacher can construct a plan of action that will facilitate the child’s learning. If the parents are poor, the teacher can suggest the child takes books from school to read at home with the parent. If the parent is not able to read or is working all the time, alternatives arrangements can be made for other family members to help. By taking a pragmatic approach the teacher will hopefully be able to help both the child and their parent with play based activities that will help to raise the spirits of the child while they learn (Wadworths 1991). The role of the teacher in literature-based instruction is one of decision maker, mentor, and coach. The teacher plans and supports activities that allow children to do those things one naturally does with literature (Routman, 1991). This role includes planning themes, helping students activate the appropriate prior knowledge, and supporting students in reading and responding to the literature in appropriate ways (Martinez Roser, 1991). In some instances the teacher plans and teaches mini-lessons using the literature as a model for helping students learn a needed strategy or skill (Trachtenberg, 1990). As a mentor, the teacher serves as a model for reading and writing, by reading aloud to students, the teacher models language for them. Through shared writing (McKenzie, 1985), the teacher models all aspects of writing, grammar, usage, and spelling. By supporting students with such activities as shared reading, literature discussion circles, and response activities, the teacher plays the role of coach (Cooper, 1993). 2. 2 What impact does it have on the school The principal’s challenge is to ensure that teachers have knowledge of current literacy best practices and access to the tools and resources needed to incorporate them. The principals need to have a working knowledge of literacy and the latest research findings about learning. They also need to ensure high quality instruction is supported by strong literacy frameworks. This may include the opportunity for peer coaching, classroom visitations, and literacy courses made available. Along side the practical courses the principal should ensure all her teachers opinions and ideas are valued, it is her role to support, motivate and encourage excellence in all her teaching staff. As teachers are a major part of a vision for literacy, competent, caring, and committed teachers create the conditions for learning literacy. To assure quality learning for all young children, all teachers need a foundational knowledge about literacy learning, and they need to apply that knowledge with sensitivity and skill in daily reading and writing instruction (Little 1999). a growing body of evidence suggests that reading problems are preventable for the vast majority of students who encounter difficulty in learning to read, if these students receive extra support in the form of an early intervention program (Goldenberg, 1994; Hiebert Taylor, 1994; Reynolds, 1991). All of the reading recovery programs reflect a model of reading as an active, meaningful, constructive process. Before-reading activities are used to build or activate relevant background knowledge, concepts, and vocabulary. Students are taught to monitor their reading to ensure that what they are reading makes sense. They are taught strategies for correcting word recognition errors that detract from meaning, and they are given opportunities for reacting and responding to selections they have read. The texts they are asked to read are read for enjoyment and for information. Other activities are developed within a framework of reading for meaning. Because reading for meaning is the constant point of reference and because students in these programs need substantial help in building word-identification skills, the amount of time spent in discussing selections and in teacher questioning about the selection is kept to a minimum (Reynolds and Wheldall 2007). Chapter 3 Analysis and critique of evidence base What challenges does it impose on the teachers and what effective teaching methods are considered best practice The Curriculum is only as good as the people who offer it; practitioners play a major part in how a child leans and indeed what they learn. Gerhardts (2004 and Gopnik et al. , 2001) point out that for a child to develop effectively, it is important that the child has a warm loving, nurturing relationship with their teacher. Pedagogy on which teachers can draw on: All children need to acquire knowledge of the alphabetic system to become skilled readers. The most direct way for teachers to accomplish this is by providing explicit, systematic phonics instruction as one part of a comprehensive early reading program. Systematic and explicit phonics instruction is effective for all students in kindergarten and grade 1, regardless of socioeconomic status or the ease with which children learn to read. Along side this runs the different modes of reading and their advantages to the children. The term mode of reading refers to the different ways literature may be read aloud by the teacher, shared, guided by the teacher, cooperatively, or independently (Cooper, 1993). By changing the modes of reading used for different students, teachers are able to scaffold instruction and provide different levels of support for students in order to make them successful in reading a piece of literature (Cooper, 1993; Cullinan, 1992; Tunnell Jacobs, 1989) Reading aloud is the single most influential factor in young children’s success in learning to read. It builds listening skills and vocabulary, aids reading comprehension, and develops a positive attitude toward reading. The teacher reads aloud daily to the whole class from a variety of children’s literature (fiction, nonfiction, and poetry). Shared Reading The children (or a small group of children) see the text, observe the teacher reading it with fluency and expression, and are invited to read along. Eyes on text with voice support are shared reading. Shared reading gives an authentic reason to practice skills and strategies. It creates a low risk environment and supplies support so children can join in and see themselves as readers. Guided reading The teacher selects books from a variety of genres for a small group with the expectation that all children can read the selection at an instructional level (90 to 94 percent) with prompts and questions. Guided reading provides the teacher with time to observe reading behaviours. It lets the teacher see the children functioning as readers and helps the teacher know what to stress next to move the children forward. The child selects and reads a variety of genres, an integral component of all levels of reading development. Independent reading provides practice and builds fluency and comprehension. It also demonstrates that reading is a priority. It is a time to assist a student in choosing appropriate books and allows them time in reading books of their choice. This helps ensure success and enjoyment (Cheminais 2005). scaffolding instruction Which is a concept that has grown out of research on how individuals learn (Collins, Brown, Newman, 1986; Vygotsky, 1978). This concept is based on the idea that at the beginning of learning, students need a great deal of support; gradually, this support is taken away to allow students to try their independence. This is what Pearson (1985) called the gradual release of responsibility. If students are unable to achieve independence, the teacher brings back the support system to help students experience success until they are able to achieve independence (Cooper, 1993). By using this method it is hopefully more clear-cut which children are in need of more support. Modeling Through Storybook Reading Recent research clarifies the extreme importance of reading storybooks to young children both at home and in school. Very early, children begin to imitate that reading — at first by relying exclusively on picture clues and memory. With increased experience they begin to focus on the information that print conveys (Snow, 1983; Sulzby, 1985; Teale, 1987). 3. 1 How does policy compare the theoretical research Most all theorists regardless of their particular thesis, believe that nature and nurture are interwoven in a child’s development. As Chomsky’s belief in nature still relies on nurturing for a child to gain its full developmental potential. As he wrote â€Å"If a child is placed in an impoverished environment, innate abilities simply will not develop, mature, and flourish (Taylor and Woods (2005). Similarly, a child brought up in an institution may have ample experience and nutrition, but still may not develop normally, either physically or mentally, if normal human interaction is lacking†(Chomsky 1987 p 2). So as Chomsky, believes the child is born with specific linguistic knowledge; Skinner, is portrayed as believing that language is entirely a matter of conditioning; Piaget, who sees language development as an outgrowth of general cognitive development; and Bruner, who emphasises the importance of the social/interactional context in which language development takes place. All have a common link as one depends on the other to reach its true potential (McCartney K and Phillips D 2006). Every Childs development does depend on their physical, cognitive, social and emotional self. And each of these components of self depends in part, on the changes that are taking place in other areas of development (Shaffer 1992). In reality, this is some times overlooked by practitioners in their assessments and evaluations of our children. As the measurements of achievements rears it ugly head, and some teachers focus on the bright and gifted while the less gifted child is left to his own devises. Most school want to have a good record of achievement and thus instruct their teachers to comply with their wish to get the best results for the school as possible. For some teachers this is a bitter pill to swallow as their time is taken up by helping the gifted children reach the highest targets, unavoidably leaves the less gifted neglected. Ability tracking, is yet another thorn for the less gifted children as this is where students are grouped by their ability, some theorists argue that this undermines the self-esteem of low ability students. As children are placed on the red, yellow, blue or green table depending on how clever they are perceived to be, by the teacher. Thus contributing to poor academic achievement and a high number of children feeling disheartened and demoralised. As we mentioned earlier how children of six are more aware of their peers, this only highlights the fact, leaving the less gifted children believing they are stupid, so they stop trying to achieve. Rutters research in 1983 suggests that mixed ability groups are more advantageous for children in primary education and ability tracking was more sensible in the latter senior years at secondary. Rutter 1983) put high emphasis on the teacher’s attitudes towards their pupils as being vitally important to the Childs achievements. Motivation, praise, encouragement and a high expectation are all crucial to ensuring a child succeeds (Pollard 1997). 3. 2 Why do other countries not deem early literacy as important as the UK Dr Ken Spencer (2007) from the Institute of Learning at University of Hull, fought back in response to all the critics of Cameron, as they protested why other countries did not deem this an important issue. He made them aware of the reason why Scandinavian children can start reading at six: their language has a transparent writing system, in which each sound has only one letter associated with it. With such a writing system all children read in about six month, no matter when they start school. His research evidence shows that learning to read English will always take three or more years longer, than most other languages. There is now indisputable evidence that complex combinations of letters and their irregular behaviour interact to make English the worst example of alphabetical language. Chapter 4 Conclusion Language and literacy development, like all human development, will be heavily determined by the nature of the environment, and may be severely limited unless the environment is appropriate. A stimulating environment is required to enable natural curiosity, intelligence, and creativity to develop, and to enable our biological capacities to unfold. The fact that the course of development is largely internally determined does not mean that it will proceed without care, stimulation, and opportunity (Penn 2005). Like Chomsky perceived â€Å"teaching is not like filling a cup with water, but ore like enabling a flower to grow in its own way; but it will not grow and flourish without proper care†(Chomsky 1897,p1). There is evidence that teachers whom have a holistic view with a child centred approach, can lead to a more fruitful interaction between the realms of theory and practice, which in turn will benefit the child’s learning and behaviour. The examples of rese arch in the fields of literacy and development discussed, show how work which was originally theoretically motivated can lead to practical recommendations for intervention. Chapter 5 Recommendations It does appear that there is extensive evidence to suggest that poor teacher may have a lot to do with poor literacy attainment and behavioural issues. Perhaps David Cameron quest for literacy attainment will only be achieved once the teaching pedagogy improves. Adults, like children, learn better when they perceive a need for the information they are learning. Staff development should provide teachers with authentic, meaningful tasks that relate to improving classroom instruction. Helping teachers improve instruction must focus on more than just going through the motions of teaching. Showers, Joyce, and Bennett (1987) analyzed more than two hundred research studies on staff development and concluded that a major factor in how teachers teach is how they think about teaching. Staff development should help teachers increase their knowledge and learn to think about their instructional decisions. Having a basic level of knowledge about an innovation is important in helping teachers â€Å"buy in† to it (Showers et al. , 1987). Over the last fifteen years the emphasis on staff development has evolved in many ways, from workshop sessions to more comprehensive, collaborative approaches that focus on the individual needs and concerns of teachers (Waxman, 1987). Hopefully by improving our pedagogy and focusing on a more holistic child centred environment all children and teachers will benefit. The research literature to date has suggested pathways for us to take. It is up to us as a society to make the journey. BIBLIOGRAPHY BBC News (2007) Government Policy David Cameron London England Berger, M. Yule, W. Rutter, M. (1975). Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas—II. The prevalence of specific reading retardation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 51()-5 Bruner, J. S. (1975) The ontogenesis of speech acts. Journal of Child Language Campbell, J. R. , Kelly, D. L. , Mullis, I. V. S. , Martin, M and Sainsburry, M. (2001). Framework and Specifications for PIRLS Assessment 2001. Second edn. Che stnut Hill, MA: Boston College, PIRLS International Study Centre. Cheminais R, (2005) Every Child Matters : A New Role for SENCOs, London : David Fulton Publishers Chomsky (1987) Language, Language Development and Reading Noam Chomsky interviewed by Lillian R. Putnam Reading Instruction Journal, Fall 1987 Chomsky, N. (1986) Knowledge of language: it’s nature, origin and use. New York: Praeger. Collins, A. , Brown, J. S. , Newman, S. E. (1986). Cognitive apprenticeship: Teaching the craft of reading, writing and mathematics. Report No. 6459. Cambridge, MA: BNN Laboratories. Cooper, J. D. (1993). Literacy: Helping children construct meaning (2nd ed. ). Boston: Houghton Mif;in Company Cullinan, B. E. (1992). Leading with literature. In B. E. Cullinan (Ed. , Invitation to read: More children’s literature in the reading program (x-xxii). Newark, DE: International Reading Association. DfEE Green Paper (22/10/1997) – Excellence for all Children Meeting †¦ reports: DFEE Green Paper. Excellence for all Children †¦ and Employment by Command of Her Majesty October 1997 including those with special educational needs (SEN). D r Ken Spencer (2007) Institute of Learning at University of Hull Dr Moffitt (2006) The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry is published on behalf of The Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Blackwell Publishing Epstein J L (1986) Parents reactions to teachers practices of parent involvement, Elementary School Journal, 86, 277-294 Gerhardt, S. (2004). Why love matters. How affection shapes a baby’s brain. Hove:Bruner Routledge. Gibbons, P (2002) Scaffolding Language, Scaffolding Learning: Teaching Second Language Learners in the Mainstream Classroom, Portsmouth: Heinemann Goldenberg, C. (1994). â€Å"Promoting early literacy development among Spanish speaking children: Lessons from two studies. † In E. H. Hiebert B. M. Taylor (Eds. ), Getting reading right from the start (pp. 71-200). Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Gopnik, A. , Sobel, D. M. , Schulz, L. Glymour, C. (2001). Causal learning mechanisms in very young children: Two,three, and four-year-olds infer causal relations from patterns of variation and covariation. Developmental Psychology, 37, 620–629. Harris, A. J. , Sipay, E. R. (1990). How to increase reading ability: A guide to developmental and remedial methods (9 th ed. ). White Plains, NY: Longman. Hiebert, E. H. , Taylor, B. M. (Eds. ) (1994). Getting reading right from the start. Boston: Allyn Bacon. Little M (1999) Prevention and Early Intervention with children in need : Definitions, Principles and Examples of Good Practice John Wiley Sons Ltd Children Society Vol 13 pp 304-316 Martinez, M. G. , Roser, N. L. (1991). Children’s responses to literature. In J. Flood, J. M. Jensen, D. Lapp, J. R. Squire (Eds. ), Handbook of research on teaching the English language arts (643-654). New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. McCartney K and Phillips D (2006) Handbook of Early Childhood Development Oxford Blackwell publishing McKenzie, M. 1985). Shared writing. Language matters. London: Inner London Educational Authority McMichael, P. (1979). The hen or the egg? Which comes first—antisocial emotional disorders or reading disability? British Journal of Educational Psychology, 49, 226–238. Pearson, P. D. (1985). Changing the face of reading comprehension instruction. The Reading Teacher, 38, 724-738. Penn H (2005) Understanding Early Childhood : Issues Controversi es, Oxford Oxford University Press Pollard A, (1997) Reflective Teaching in Primary School, London : Cassell Reynalds M and Wheldall K (2007) Reading Recovery 20 years Down the Track : Looking Forward Looking Back International Journal of Disability, Development and Education Vol 54 pp199-223 Routledge Group Reynolds, A. J. (1991). â€Å"Early schooling of children at risk. † American Educational Research Journal, 28, 392-422 Routman, R. (1991). Invitations. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Rutter Yule (2005)Severity of Emotional and Behavioural Problems among Poor and Typical Readers Journal article by Elizabeth Mayfield Arnold, David B. Goldston Adam K. Walsh, Beth A. Reboussin, Stephanie Sergent Daniel, Enith Hickman. Frank B. Wood; Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 33, Rutter M (1979) Changing Youth in Changing Society, Nuffield Provisional Hospital Trust Rutter, M. , Tizard, J. Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, health and behaviour. London: Longmans. Shaffer D (1992) Developmental Physiology Childhood Adolescence, London : Chapman Hall Publishing Showers, B. , Joyce, B. , Bennett, B. (1987, November). Synthesis of research on staff development: A framework for future study and a state-of-the-art analysis. Educational Leadership, 75-87. Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behaviour. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Snow, C. R. (1983). Language and literacy: Relationships during the preschool years. Harvard Educational Review, 53, 165-189 Stott, D. H. (1981). 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Whirligig Essay free essay sample

In life, we are the ones in charge of ourselves. And in the book Whirligig, people may think that that this lesson does not apply but it does. Look at Brent, he was given the option to not place the whirligigs on the four corners, but he did anyway. And over that trip, Brent changed. Which leads me to believe that every person Is capable of changing no matter their past. First of, In the beginning of the book, Brent was a kid Just worried about fitting In, ND over the course of the book, those menial things dont matter to him anymore. Its Like he has grown up and become more mature. For example, his Interests towards the beginning where cars, sports, girls. But In the end of the book, he was more Interested In reading, star gazing, and playing the harmonica, these actively are more for the adult crowd youd think. We will write a custom essay sample on Whirligig Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So this Just proves that people can change. Second, In the chapter San Diego, with the holocaust survivor, she went through hell.Literally, like the quote says I dont know who, said that there should be no laughing after Auschwitz. That nobody could ever want to laugh again after the things that happened here (peg 113) So she thought she would never feel happiness or laugh again. But when her granddaughter took her around town, and she saw the whirligig, she changed. Like the quote says I glimpsed a smile on my grandmothers face, and I felt it led (peg 114). Again proving that people can change, no matter what appended in their past.In all, when you think about it, people can change. No matter what theyve done, no matter their past. Like with Brent, he was a typical teenager, but in the end, he was acting like a full fledged adult. And the Grandmother in the chapter San Diego, she was an elderly holocaust survivor, and she saw unimaginable things. She thought she would never feel happiness again.

The Possessive Apostrophe

The Possessive Apostrophe The Possessive Apostrophe The Possessive Apostrophe By Daniel Scocco Its time to talk about being possessive. Sometimes possessiveness is good, sometimes its bad. However you look at it, if youre speaking English, then you will need an apostrophe to show who owns what. The apostrophe () is one of the most used and misused English punctuation marks. No one is ever quite sure where to put it. You can use it when things are left out (contractions), but its the possessiveness that causes the most trouble. The apostrophe is all about making a statement of ownership. You belong to me. This belongs to that. In grammar speak, the apostrophe shows the possessive of nouns. There are four ways to use the apostrophe to show ownership or belonging. 1. Add apostrophe s to the end of a singular noun that does not end in s: the managers room 2. Add apostrophe s to the end of a singular noun, even if it ends in s (this practice may vary in some places): Doriss scarf 3. Add apostrophe s to the end of a plural noun that doesnt end in s the childrens bag 4. If the plural noun ends in s, just add the apostrophe my friends car Notice that possessive pronouns like yours, his, hers, ours, its and theirs are not followed by the apostrophe. Finally, if you want to play around with it, Wikipedia has a list of four phrases illustrating how the apostrophe can literally change the meaning of sentences. my sisters friends investments (I have one sister and she has one friend.) my sisters friends investments (I have many sisters and they have many friends.) my sisters friends investments (I have many sisters and they have one friend.) my sisters friends investments (I have one sister and she has many friends.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)Peace of Mind and A Piece of One's Mind20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

Lincoln Surname Meaning and Family History

Lincoln Surname Meaning and Family History The Lincoln last name means  from the lake colony, or one who came from Lincoln, England. The name derives from the Welsh element lynn, meaning lake or pool and the Latin element colonia, meaning colony.   Surname Origin:  English Alternate Surname Spellings: LINCOLNE,  LYNCOLN, LINCCOLNE Fun Facts About the Last Name LINCOLN: Lincoln is a popular given name in America, primarily  given in honor of Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865), president of the United States during the American Civil War. Famous People with the Surname LINCOLN: Abraham Lincoln - president of the United StatesRobert Todd Lincoln -  American lawyer and secretary of war; first-born son of President Abraham LincolnHenry Lincoln - British author and actorBrad Lincoln - American Major League Baseball pitcherElmo Lincoln - American actor, best known for his role in several Tarzan films Where is the LINCOLN Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from  Forebears, the Lincoln surname is most prevalent in the United States. It is also somewhat common in England, Australia, Bangladesh, Ghana and Brazil. Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicate the Lincoln surname in America is most common in the New England states of Massachusetts, Maine and New Hampshire, as well as in Montana. The highest concentrations of the Lincoln surname, however, are found in New Zealand, especially the Waitomo district, as well as in Tazmania, Australia. Within England, the Lincoln surname is now most commonly found in Norfolk, not Lincolnshire.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname LINCOLN: U.S. Presidential Surnames Their MeaningsDo the surnames of U.S. Presidents really have more prestige than your average Smith and Jones? While the proliferance of babies named Tyler, Madison, and Monroe may seem to point in that direction, Presidential surnames are really just a cross-section of the American melting pot. Lincoln Surname DNA ProjectThe goal of the the Lincoln surname project is to identify and trace as many separate Lincoln lineages as possible, including the progenitors of the Lincolns in America. Lincoln Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Lincoln family crest or coat of arms for the Lincoln surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. LINCOLN Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Lincoln  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Lincoln query. FamilySearch - LINCOLN GenealogyExplore over 400,000 results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Lincoln  surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - LINCOLN  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Lincoln. GeneaNet - Lincoln  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Lincoln  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Lincoln  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Lincoln  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Choose a method of implementing QoS Research Paper

Choose a method of implementing QoS - Research Paper Example If two, three, or more traffic forms have equal value and requisites, it is needless to classify that numerous traffic types. Traffic sorting, which is the second step in implementing quality of service, will label a small number of traffic types, not hundreds. The applications that end up in various traffic types have separate requisites; thus, the network have to supply them with varied service classes (Hall, 2002). The classification of how every traffic form is serviced is called the network policy (Flannagan, 2001 & Hall, 2002). Determining traffic forms and their requisites, the first stage of implementing quality of service, involves the following components or sub-stages: 1) completing a network audit, 2) completing a business audit and identifying the significance of every application, and; 3) identifying the proper service levels for every traffic type. The second stage of implementing quality of service is categorizing traffic based on the requisites determined. The meanin g of traffic types does not have to be universal; it must contain the traffic (application) forms that were detected during the network audit stage. You can categorize tens or even hundreds of traffic variants into a small number of types. The classified traffic types should be in accordance with business goals. The traffic or application forms in the same type should have similar INTEGRATED SERVICES MODEL 3 requisites and business requisites. The exceptions to this policy are the scavenger-type traffic or applications that have not been determined. Classifying policies for every traffic type is the third stage of implementing quality of service. Following the traffic types have been produced based on the network audit and business goals, the final stage of implementing quality of service in an enterprise is to supply a network-wide classification for the quality of service service-level that will be allocated to every traffic type. This is called determining a quality of service po licy, and it may consist of having to finish the following: 1) establishing the highest bandwidth limit for each type, 2) establishing the lowest bandwidth guarantee for each type, 3) allocating a relative priority level to a type, 4) using congestion avoidance, congestion management, and several other highly developed quality of service technologies to a type (Fgee, Philips, Robertson, & Sivakumar, 2003). In the mid 1990s, IntServ or the Integrated Services model was developed and was the initial serious effort to supply eng-to-end quality of service (Fgee et. al., 2003). It was necessary for simultaneous applications. Integrated Services is based on clear caching/administering and signaling network resources for the applications that warrant it. Integrated Services is usually referred to as hard quality of service, since hard quality of service ensures attributes such as packet loss, delay, and bandwidth, thus supplying a forseeable service level (Hall, 2002). Integrated Services uses RSVP or Resource Reservation Protocol as the signaling protocol (Fgee et. al., 2003). Any application having a particular bandwidth requisite have to wait for RSVP to run along the course --- source to destination --- step by step, and request bandwidth reservation for the application path. An application can start to operate after a successful effort INTEGRATED SERVIC

The Clinical Practice Council Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Clinical Practice Council - Essay Example The Clinical Practice Council In keeping with the present increasing development in the healthcare service of the modern healthcare institutions, it becomes more essential to develop the operations as well as to exploit advanced methods to provide an ultimate satisfaction to each patient. With regard to the responsibilities and services of these two groups, this paper intends to briefly describe the main groups’ functions and the roles of their leaders. Moreover, the paper will also focus on describing decision making process and identifying roles and responsibilities that are observed among the members of each group. In addition, the different roles of each individual member in each group have also been highlighted within the discussion. Purpose of Each Group The Clinical Practice Council focuses on providing evidence-based practice in clinical nursing activities in order to implement an advanced nursing practice for each client within the organization. The support group considerably engages to maintain an advanced clinical nursing practice as well as reliable patient care programs in keeping with American Nurses Association Scope and Standards of Practice. In contrast, A.A. is a relatively small support group which focuses on practising various effective ways preventing alcohol addiction. The group is a worldwide fellowship of men and women which is structured with around 25 members. ... The leader of this group has to make an effective decision of developing policies through depending upon the appropriate recommendations from the members of the group (Queensland Govt., 2012). In this context, the leader of the group provides a topic for discussion with the members and identifies the appropriate solutions of the raised issues. In the similar context, the role of the leader in A.A is to focus on the presentation of the members communicating in order to motivate and renounce alcohol addiction. In order to motivate the members, the leader of this group guides an effective method of communicating by encouraging the participants to talk freely and in an orderly way. The leaders also listen carefully to the problems of the participants and come up with proper solution and motivation for encouraging the participants to carry on their fights against alcohol addiction. Decision Making Process of Each Group The decision making process can be considered as one of the major step s for the leader in order to direct his/her team towards an effective and efficient way to achieve the goals and the objectives of the team. Moreover, the decision making process is also a crucial step for an organization in terms of identifying appropriate initiatives for the organization and enhancing performance of the team members in order to effectively achieve competitive advantage with the organizational offerings (Edwards & Elwyn, 2009). According to the observation of the case, it can be stated that the leaders of both the groups are significantly contributing by providing an effective support in order to enhance their performance to offer healthcare services to the patients. In the

Napoleon Essay -- European History Military Generals Essays

Napoleon â€Å"I live only for posterity, death is nothing, but to live without glory is to die every day† (Lefebvre 43). Napoleon was driven by his desire for glory and ambition and his ascension was tremendous. Born in Corsica, his family moved to France, in Marseilles, when he was only a child. From the state of a â€Å"lieutenant,† at the age of sixteen, to the one of emperor in 1804, till reigning over the European continent after his conquest of Prussia, his ascension was not only due to the events that occurred during his life, but was also due to his ambition and his tremendous genius. His genius was both military and political. Napoleon was a military genius because of his career rapidity. He went to the School of Officers in Paris. At the age of sixteen he was already a lieutenant. At Toulon, this battle enabled him to climb quickly the echelons in the military. As Chandler states, Napoleon gave military orders to produce a large number of guns. These guns and mortars provided Napoleon the possibility to attack the different forts situated in places that were overlooking the harbor. Because of this production, Napoleon was able to produce enough guns to attack the place without having a great loss in his army. Horne declared the recapture of the port became possible because the previous attacks enabled Napoleon to place a number of guns and mortars in good position to fire the British fleet commanded by Hood (17). By the success of his capture, the British fleet left the harbor and Napoleon gained great recognition by the military and was soon after promoted to the rank of â€Å"gà ©neral de brigade.† Napoleon’s military genius is perceived through the new division of the army. Gates state... ..., Georges. â€Å"A Romantic Tempered by Realpolitik.† Kafker & Laux. Napoleon and his Times: Selected Interpretations. Malabar Florida: Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1989. Napoleonic Europe 1812. Map. Atlas of European History. By Bartholomew, Edinburgh. New York: HarperCollins, 1994. 148-49 Rothenberg, Gunther. â€Å"Military Affairs.† Kafker & Laux. Napoleon and his Times: Selected Interpretations. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1989. Rowe, Michael. â€Å"Debate: Napoleon and the Post-Revolutionary Management of Sovereignty.† Modern and Contemporary France 8.4 (2000): 510-13. Academic Search Premiere. EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 04 Nov. 2002 Vandal, Albert. â€Å"The Restoration of Order and National Unity.† Kafker & Laux. Napoleon and his Times: Selected Interpretations. Malabar Florida: Robert E. Krieger Pub. Co., 1989.

Banking and Its Influential Factors in the Economy

Banking is one of the most influential factors on the economies of today†s society. As with everything these days, technology is changing where, when and most of all, how we do things, specifically banking and other related financial transactions and arrangements such as mortgages, etc. Recently, in Toronto, the very city we live in, we were in the midst of two possible bank mergers, which would have changed banking and on a larger scale the entire economy, in many ways. In comparison to the larger banks of the world, Canada†s most major banks are not even close to the size and caliber of international banks like ING Direct, for example. This would not typically be a problem for Canadian banks, however when these international banks move into Canada, which has happened already, and is bound to happen even more as time passes and Canada becomes a more prosperous country, it quickly becomes a very large problem. Banks are an extremely affluent business. Regardless of where you are in the world banks are right at the top of the list when it comes to capital, equity and earnings. Canada fits right in, in comparison to the rest of Canada. But when we compare Canada†s banks to those of other countries, or even better, international banks, they are simply insignificant. For example, hypothetically speaking, if the entire world were opting whether or not to adopt a single currency, most deciding factors would be made by the banks of each individual country. Canada, although it is a major world leader in many other categories, would not be looked upon as a country that knew much about international stature, in terms of banking. In this essay I will try to prove how banking is one of the most influential factors on the economy by using factual cases from recent times. What does better customer relations† mean? Increasingly, customers are demanding more convenient ways to do their banking. An Ernst and Young study (Technology in Banking Report) concluded, â€Å"nothing changes in the banking world if customers cannot get financial services when and where they wish†¦this means anywhere, at any time. † Statistics show that ATM†s telephone banking, and home banking account for over fifty percent of all banking transactions today, and total non-branch activity is growing at fifteen percent a year. In one survey (Web-Tech, Inc., May 17, 1995), eighty-two percent of 18- to 34-year olds polled preferred banks with 24-hour service. Customers are also demanding a more sophisticated mix of products tailored specifically to their financial needs, and non-bank competitors are better fulfilling these needs. Banks today hold only 20% of household financial assets, versus 34% twenty years ago; they have 30% of business deposits, versus 42% only seven years ago. Non-bank credit card providers have gained inroads against banks, holding a 25% market share versus 5% in 1986 (WebTech, Inc., May 17, 1995). Internet banking offers an attractive solution to this redesigned products and services. Customers have 24-hour graphical-interface access to their accounts and appreciate that their bank is doing something to make banking easier for them. A country, like a business or a person, is constantly doing anything in its power to better itself. A business, like a society, is either growing or declining; the competitive world allows no other options. Human nature will allow no state of rest. Economics is the study of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services (Ammer, pg. 186), all of which, if stopped, would cause a business or a country to grind to a halt. From these statements we realize that change is an integral part of the world of economics. Not necessarily a change in what we create, rather the way we do it. Technology, that is, the development of new materials, products, machinery, and processes can create new products and concepts as well as improve production and efficiency for existing products a few key factors that determine economic growth. As a result, new jobs are created, existing ones are made easier and more efficient, and the in the end there is a greater profit margin (Thurow, pg. 69, 304). To understand this topic I will look at the effects of technology on economic growth compared to those of the other four factors, There are five factors, which affect a country's economic growth, Each factor has its own effect on economic growth, however together they produce a greater overall effect. Picture a bank without any branches. No tellers. No rows of desks. No racks of brochures, no automated teller machines outside. Picture, in fact, a virtual bank, one that for the customer exists only in his or her office or home, as images on a computer screen. US financial institutions are moving towards â€Å"virtual banking.† This strategy is about making bank products and services available to customers any time and any place they want them. As virtual banking becomes more popular, it is very likely that more customer service will be seen while the number of traditional teller-staffed branches will decline. Bank customers will move away from traditional banking and will become more dependent on electronic transactions using ATMs or PCs (Britt, Savings&Community Banker, February 1995, p.9). Thanks to this â€Å"technical revolution†, financial institutions are using software programs, online services, and even the Internet to allow customers to check balances, pay bills, and transfer funds among accounts. Bankers promise that, in the near future, we will also be able to more easily buy certificates of deposit, mutual funds, and other investments, and even apply for loans electronically. For most people, today's best option may be plug into their bank through one of three leading home-budgeting software programs, these programs are: By charging $5 to $20 a month for such services, banks are sure to cash in on the high-tech superhighway. This would make everything much easier for customers. All that is required is a personal computer, software and a modem, all of which the majority of people in today†s society have. On-screen instructions, filled with colorful graphics and pictures, explain how to select and work on various tasks. The system automatically calculates and updates account balances and keeps records of bills. A handful of banks have already set up home pages on the Internet to provide information to their existing and potential customers about upcoming services. They started their transactions. Internet banking differs from the traditional PC banking model in several ways. In most home banking ventures, the bank sends an application software program to the customer which runs on the customer's PC. The customer then dials into the bank with their modem, downloads data, and runs the programs that are resident on their computer, perhaps sending back a batch of requests such as transfers between accounts. It demands more and more space and speed from the customer's computer. With Internet banking, on the other hand, there are potential customers who already have all the software they need to do their banking, since all they need is a browser. The actual banking software resides on the bank's server in the form of their home page. This software can be updated at any moment with new information, such as new prices or products, without having to send anything to the customer; it can also continue to expand and become more sophisticated without becoming cumbersome for the customer to operate. Banking with a browser, on the other hand, involves a continuous, interactive session, initiated by a local telephone call to a local access provider or online service. By developing internal expertise today, banks can prepare themselves to react quickly and efficiently to competitive moves and consumer trends as the financial services industry changes. Employees at Bank of America, Chemical, Wells Fargo, and other large U.S. banks use them to buy lunch and snacks. Smart cards-plastic cards with computer chips-are starting to be used for prepayment, debit, and credit purchases all over the world. In the U.S., smart cards can be only used at a contained group of machines, or for one purpose. â€Å"They are part of the broader shift to electronic delivery, to making ATMs more functional, to using PCs and the Internet to do home banking.† says Edgar Brown, senior vice-president of alternative delivery products at First Union, Charlotte, N.C. One of the advantages of using chips on cards with or instead of magnetic stripes is better security. Microprocessor chips are very difficult to alter or forge. Chips can carry more information than magnetic stripes can. A microprocessor chip can store up to eight kilobytes of data. Smart cards make cheaper and faster payments possible. Money can be deducted from a chip without on-line authorization. This makes for a two-second transaction versus an up-to-two-minutes one, and telecommunications costs are saved (Lunt, P., ABA Banking Journal, September 1995, p.46). We can plainly see that there are many factors having great importance, when dealing with the economy. There are many things we must take into consideration in order to make any kind of an informed economic decision.

Executive Order 9835 Demanded Loyalty

In 1947, World War II had just ended, the Cold War had just begun, and Americans were seeing communists everywhere. It was in that politically-charged atmosphere of fear that President Harry S. Truman on March 21, 1947, issued an executive order establishing an official â€Å"Loyalty Program† intended to identify and eliminate communists in the U.S. government. Key Takeaways: Executive Order 9835 Executive Order 9835 was a presidential executive order issued by President Harry S. Truman on March 21, 1947. The so-called â€Å"Loyalty Order† created a controversial â€Å"Federal Employee Loyalty Program† charged with eliminating communists from all areas of the U.S. government. The order empowered the FBI to investigate federal employees and created presidentially-appointed Loyalty Review Boards to act on reports from the FBI.Between 1947 and 1953, more than 3 million federal employees were investigated, with 308 fired after being declared security risks by the Loyalty Review Boards.   Truman’s Executive Order 9835, often called the â€Å"Loyalty Order,† created the Federal Employee Loyalty Program, which authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to conduct initial background checks on federal employees and carry out more in-depth investigations when warranted. The order also created Presidentially-appointed Loyalty Review Boards to investigate and act on the findings of the FBI. â€Å"There shall be a loyalty investigation of every person entering the civilian employment of any department or agency of the executive branch of the Federal Government,† the Loyalty Order decreed, also providing that, â€Å"equal protection from unfounded accusations of disloyalty must be afforded the loyal employees.† According to the paper The Second Red Scare, Digital History, Post-War America 1945-1960 from the University of Houston, the Loyalty Program investigated over 3 million federal employees, 308 of whom were fired after being declared security risks. Background: Rise of the Communist Threat Shortly after the end of World War II, not only had the entire world learned the horrors of nuclear weapons, America’s relationship with the Soviet Union had deteriorated from wartime allies to staunch enemies. Based on reports that the USSR had succeeded in developing its own nuclear weapons, Americans, including government leaders, were gripped by a fear of the Soviets and communists in general, whoever and wherever they might be.  Ã‚   Growing economic tension between the two nations, along with fears of uncontrolled Soviet spy activity in America began to influence ​U.S. foreign policy and, of course, politics. Conservative groups and the Republican Party sought to use the so-called â€Å"Red Scare† threat of Communism to their advantage in the 1946 midterm Congressional elections by claiming that President Truman and his Democratic Party were â€Å"soft on Communism.† Eventually, the fear that communists were beginning to infiltrate the U.S. government itself became a key campaign issue. In November 1946, Republican candidates won sweeping victories nationwide resulting in Republican control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate.   Truman Responds to the Red Scare Two weeks after the election, on November 25, 1946, President Truman responded to his Republican critics by creating the Presidents Temporary Commission on Employee Loyalty or TCEL. Made up of representatives from six Cabinet-level government departments under the chairmanship of a Special Assistant to the U.S. Attorney General, TCEL was intended to create federal loyalty standards and procedures for the removal of disloyal or subversive individuals from federal government positions. The New York Times printed the TCEL announcement on its front page under the headline, â€Å"President orders purge of disloyal from U.S. posts.† Truman demanded that the TCEL report its findings to the White House by February 1, 1947, less than two months before he issued his Executive Order 9835 creating the Loyalty Program. Did Politics Force Truman’s Hand? Historians contend that the timing of Truman’s actions, taken so soon after the Republican Congressional victories, show that both the TCEL and the subsequent Loyalty Order had been politically motivated.   Truman, it seems, was not as worried about Communist infiltration as the terms of his Loyalty Order indicated. In February 1947, he wrote to Pennsylvania’s Democratic Governor George Earle, â€Å"People are very much wrought up about the communist bugaboo but I am of the opinion that the country is perfectly safe so far as Communism is concerned—we have too many sane people.† How the Loyalty Program Worked Truman’s Loyalty Order directed the FBI to investigate the backgrounds, associations, and beliefs of any of the approximately 2 million executive branch federal employees. The FBI reported the results of their investigations to one or more of the 150 Loyalty Review Boards in various government agencies. The Loyalty Review Boards were authorized to conduct their own investigations and to collect and consider testimony from witnesses whose names were not disclosed. Notably, the employees being targeted by the loyalty investigations were not allowed to confront the witnesses testifying against them. Employees could be fired if the loyalty board found â€Å"reasonable doubt† regarding their loyalty to the U.S. government or ties to communist organizations. The Loyalty Order defined five specific categories of disloyalty for which employees or applicants could be fired or rejected for employment. These were: Sabotage, espionage, spying or the advocacy thereofTreason, sedition or the advocacy thereof;Intentional, unauthorized disclosure of confidential informationAdvocacy of the violent overthrow of the U.S. governmentMembership in, affiliation with or sympathetic association with any organization labeled as totalitarian, fascist, Communist or subversive The Subversive Organization List and McCarthyism Truman’s Loyalty Order resulted in the controversial â€Å"Attorney Generals List of Subversive Organizations† (AGLOSO), which contributed the second American Red Scare from 1948 to 1958 and the phenomenon known as â€Å"McCarthyism.† Between 1949 and 1950, the Soviet Union demonstrated that it had indeed developed nuclear weapons, China fell to Communism, and Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy famously declared that the U.S. Department of State employed more than 200 â€Å"known communists.† Despite having issued his Loyalty Order, President Truman again faced charges that his administration was â€Å"coddling† communists. Results and Demise  of Truman’s Loyalty Order According to historian Robert H. Ferrell’s book Harry S. Truman: A Life, by mid-1952, the Loyalty Review Boards created by Truman’s Loyalty Order had investigated more than 4 million actual or prospective federal employees, of which 378 were fired or denied employment. â€Å"None of the discharged cases led to discovery of espionage,† noted Ferrell. Truman’s Loyalty program has been widely criticized as an unwarranted attack on innocent Americans,  driven by the Red Scare. As the Cold War’s threat of nuclear attack grew more serious during the 1950s, Loyalty Order investigations became more common. According to the book Civil Liberties and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman, edited by Richard S. Kirkendall, â€Å"the program exerted its chilling effect on a far larger number of employees than those who were dismissed.† In April 1953, Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10450 revoking Truman’s Loyalty Order and dismantling the Loyalty Review Boards. Instead, Eisenhower’s order directed the heads of federal agencies and the U.S. Office of Personnel Management, supported by the FBI, to investigate federal employees to determine whether they posed security risks.